Wesco International (WCC) Risk Analysis

While much of our sales and earnings are generated by comparatively smaller and more frequent orders, the fulfillment of large orders for large capital projects generates significant sales and earnings. Accordingly, our results of operations can fluctuate depending on whether and when large project awards occur and the commencement and progress of work under large contracts already awarded. The awarding and timing of projects is unpredictable and depends on many factors outside of our control. Project awards often involve complex and lengthy negotiations and competitive bidding processes. These processes can be impacted by a wide range of factors including a customer's decision to not proceed with a project or its inability to obtain necessary governmental approvals or financing, commodity prices, interest rates, and overall market and economic conditions. Slow macro-economic growth rates, difficult credit market conditions for our customers, weak demand for our customers' products or other customer spending constraints can result in project delays or cancellations. In addition, some our competitors may also be more willing to take greater or unusual risks or include terms and conditions in a contract that we might not deem acceptable.

Our success depends on hiring, retaining and motivating our employees, including executive, managerial, sales, technical, operations, marketing and support personnel. We may have difficulty locating and hiring qualified personnel. In addition, we may have difficulty retaining such personnel once hired, and key people may leave and compete against us. The loss of key personnel or our failure to attract and retain other qualified and experienced personnel could disrupt or adversely affect our business, its sales and operating results. In addition, our operating results could be adversely affected by increased costs due to increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover, increasing levels of retirement, the possibility of a shrinking workforce in various regions globally, which may also result in increased employee benefit or other costs or the loss of significant customer business, proprietary information, or tacit knowledge, which could negatively impact our operational efficiency, innovation capabilities, and customer relationships. Furthermore, inadequate talent management and succession planning, along with potential challenges in adapting to evolving workplace trends and expectations, could hinder our ability to respond to market changes and maintain a competitive edge, which could lead to decreased productivity, reduced market share, and ultimately, a decline in financial performance.

Some of our products, such as wire and conduit, are commodity price based products and may be subject to significant price fluctuations which are beyond our control. Recently, we have experienced fluctuations in commodity costs, as well as in the costs of raw materials and components generally, as a result of global economic conditions and other trends. Increases in these costs could erode our profit margin and negatively impact our results of operations to the extent we are unable to successfully mitigate and offset the impact of these costs. While increases in the cost of energy or products could have adverse effects, decreases in those costs, particularly if severe, could also adversely impact us by creating deflation in selling prices, which could cause our profit margin to deteriorate. Fluctuations in energy or raw materials costs can also adversely affect our customers.

We are executing our digital transformation strategy and seek to continually enhance existing and deploy new technology, digital products and information systems as a part of our technology-enablement strategy. Such changes could fail to realize anticipated benefits, create new liability or disrupt our existing information systems or other aspects of our operations. Conversions to new information technology systems may result in cost overruns, delays or business interruptions. Efforts to align portions of our business on common enterprise platforms, systems and processes could result in unforeseen interruptions, increased costs or liability, and other negative effects. Sales enablement initiatives that improve data analytics and automate, optimize, digitize or outsource tasks could result in unforeseen consequences, including our ability to process orders, receive and ship products, maintain inventories, collect accounts receivable and pay expenses, therefore impacting our results of operations. Additionally, exploring and deploying use cases for artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence and large language models to empower our employees and streamline our operations may introduce new risks such as biased output, inaccurate output, security vulnerabilities and increased stakeholder or regulatory scrutiny, which could impact the integrity of our business processes, expose us to litigation or fines, or erode the trust of our stakeholders. Our governance structures and control environment may not keep pace with the rapid adoption of these emerging technologies, potentially leading to inadequate oversight of their development and deployment. The dynamic and rapidly evolving nature of AI technologies and their applications necessitates continuous monitoring and updating of systems, processes, and policies, which, if not adequately managed, could exacerbate the risks of obsolescence, unintended outcomes, or compliance failures. If our technology systems are disrupted, become obsolete or do not adequately support our strategic, operational or compliance needs, or if the controls placed over the use of new and existing technology prove inadequate, it could result in a competitive disadvantage or adversely affect our business operations, reputation or financial condition.

We rely on certain trademarks, patents, trade secrets, copyrights, and other intellectual property, and are continuing to develop intellectual property in connection with the digital transformation of our business and operations. We cannot be certain that others have not or will not infringe upon our intellectual property, or that in-house or third-party solutions, including the output of large language models, will not potentially infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others. Intellectual property litigation could be costly and time consuming, and we could incur significant legal expenses pursuing these claims against others. From time to time, we may receive notices from third parties that allege intellectual property infringement. Any dispute or litigation involving intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming due to its complexity and uncertainty. Our intellectual property portfolio may not be useful in asserting a counterclaim or negotiating a license in response to a claim of infringement or misappropriation. In addition, as a result of such claims, we may lose our rights to utilize critical technology or may be required to pay substantial damages or license fees with respect to infringed rights or be required to redesign or restructure our products or services at a substantial cost, any of which could negatively impact our operating results.

Because we rely heavily on information technology both in serving our customers and in our enterprise infrastructure in order to achieve our objectives, we may be vulnerable to damage or intrusion from a variety of cyber-attacks, including computer viruses, ransomware, worms or other malicious software programs that seek to gain access to our systems and networks, or those of our third-party service providers. Additionally, third parties may fraudulently attempt to induce employees or customers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords and other information in order to gain access to our customers' data or our data, including our intellectual property and other confidential business information, or our information technology systems. Information technology security threats to our systems, networks and data have dramatically increased in recent years due to the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators. We have seen, and will continue to see, industry-wide vulnerabilities, which could cause widespread disruptions to our or other parties' systems. In addition, the risk of retaliatory cyber-attacks has increased as a result of geopolitical conflicts, including the Middle East and Russia-Ukraine conflicts. These threats and vulnerabilities pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our proprietary and confidential information. Although we actively manage information technology security risks within our control and continually seek to enhance our controls and processes designed to protect our systems, computers, networks and data, there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to mitigate all potential risks. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Despite the precautions we take to mitigate the risks of such events, an attack on our enterprise information technology system, or those of third parties with which we do business, could result in theft or unauthorized disclosure of our proprietary or confidential information or a breach of confidential customer, supplier or employee information. Such events could impair our ability to conduct our operations or cause disruptions to our supply chain, which could have an adverse impact on revenue and harm our reputation. Additionally, such an event could expose us to regulatory sanctions or penalties, lawsuits or other legal action or cause us to incur legal liabilities and costs, which could be significant, in order to address and remediate the effects of an attack and related security concerns. The insurance coverage we maintain may be inadequate to cover claims or liabilities relating to a cybersecurity attack. In addition, the legal and regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy in the U.S. and international jurisdictions is constantly evolving and additional laws and regulations regarding artificial intelligence are being considered and implemented. Violation or non-compliance with any of these laws or regulations, contractual requirements relating to data security and privacy, or our own privacy and security policies, either intentionally or unintentionally, or through the acts of intermediaries could have a material adverse effect on our brand, reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as subject us to significant fines, litigation losses, third-party damages and other liabilities.

We are subject to taxes in jurisdictions in which we do business, including but not limited to taxes imposed on our income, receipts, stockholders' equity, property, sales, purchases and payroll. As a result, the tax expense we incur can be adversely affected by changes in tax law. We cannot always anticipate these changes in tax law, which can cause unexpected volatility in our results of operations. Changes in the tax law at the federal and state/provincial levels, in particular in the U.S. and Canada, jurisdictions which account for most of our income before taxes, can have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the "OECD") issued rules to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the global economy. The so-called two-pillar solution is intended to implement rules addressing 1) nexus and profit allocation in cases where businesses profit from markets in other countries while paying little to no tax in those countries under the current physical presence-based global tax system, 2) standardized intercompany pricing for routine marketing and distribution activities, and 3) a global minimum tax as a catch-all to address residual base erosion and profit shifting. Many of the OECD's member states have enacted the required domestic legislation implementing the OECD's rules. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of the guidance released by the OECD and proposed and enacted domestic legislation in relevant OECD member states, as well as information released by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, to determine the effect on the Company. The Company does not expect the current proposed and enacted rules to have a material impact on the Company's worldwide tax expense but they are likely to create significant compliance obligations. Finally, the tax laws to which the Company is subject are inherently complex and ambiguous. Therefore, we must interpret the applicable laws and make subjective judgments about the expected outcome upon challenge by the applicable taxing authorities. As a result, the impact on our results from operations of the application of enacted tax laws to our facts and circumstances is sometimes uncertain. If a tax authority successfully challenges our interpretation and application of the tax law to our facts and circumstances, there can be no assurance that we can accurately predict the outcome and the taxes ultimately owed upon effective settlement, which may differ from the tax expense recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income and accrued in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additionally, if we cannot meet liquidity requirements in the U.S., we may have to repatriate funds from overseas to meet these liabilities, which would result in additional income taxes being incurred on the amount repatriated.

Customers, suppliers, employees, community partners, shareholders and regulatory agencies in various jurisdictions globally are increasingly requesting disclosure and action relating to ESG objectives and performance. We commit time and resources to ESG efforts, consistent with our corporate values and in ways designed to strengthen our business, including programs focused on sustainability. Our failure to execute our ESG programs and objectives as planned, or in accordance with the evolving expectations of various stakeholders or regulators in the United States, Europe and globally, including compliance with potentially inconsistent or competing requirements under standards and regulations such as the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD)'s ESRS standards, ISSB standards incorporated into law by various countries globally, the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive ("CSDDD"), the Science Based Targets initiative, the EU Taxonomy, California climate disclosure rules under Senate Bills 253 and 261, and the SEC climate-related disclosures rules (a number of which remain subject to ongoing developments or legal challenges), could adversely affect the Company's reputation, business and financial performance. For example, an isolated incident of non-compliance, underperformance or inaccuracy in reporting, the aggregate effect of individually insignificant incidents or the failures of suppliers in our supply chain, can erode trust and confidence in the Company and our brand and adversely affect our business and financial performance, particularly if such events result in claims of misleading ESG-related statements or disclosures, adverse publicity, governmental investigations, enforcement actions, fines, or litigation. Simultaneously, increased expectations and regulations around ESG reporting and performance may result in higher operating expenses, capital expenditures and costs of goods sold (including those related to deploying low-carbon technologies, expanding our electric vehicle fleet, strengthening ESG monitoring and reporting programs, calculating and disclosing different scopes of greenhouse gas emissions in the manner and timeline expected by regulators and other stakeholders, enhancing supply chain transparency programs, securing assurance by third party auditors over ESG data, developing and implementing climate transition plans that may be requested by customers or required by regulations such as CSDDD, transitioning suppliers due to their ESG programs, other costs to pursue our ESG goals or supplier price increases as manufacturers and services providers accommodate their own ESG-related expenses), which could reduce our profitability and cash flow. Additionally, certain customers may set net-zero emissions targets, and we could face pressure from such customers to further reduce emissions to assist them in the achievement of such targets or risk the loss of their business, which could result in increased costs or decreased revenue and may adversely impact financial performance.

Our results of operations are affected by the level of business activity of our customers, which in turn is affected by global economic conditions and market factors impacting the industries and markets that they serve. Certain global economies and the financial and commodities markets continue to experience significant uncertainty and volatility. Adverse economic conditions, disruptions in financial markets or lack of liquidity in these markets, particularly in North America, as well as those caused by political risk or instability globally, may adversely affect our revenues and operating results. Disruptions in financial markets can cause increases in interest rates and borrowing costs. Economic and financial market conditions may also affect the availability or the cost of financing for projects and for our customers' capital or other expenditures, which can result in project delays or cancellations and thus affect demand for our products. There can be no assurance that any governmental responses to economic conditions or disruptions in the financial markets ultimately will stabilize the markets or increase our customers' liquidity or the availability of credit for us or our customers. Although no single customer accounts for more than 4% of our sales, a payment default by one of our larger customers could have a negative short-term impact on earnings or liquidity. A financial or industry downturn could have an adverse effect on the collectability of our accounts receivable, which could result in longer payment cycles, increased collection costs and defaults, and limit our ability to borrow additional funds. Should one or more of our larger customers declare bankruptcy, it could adversely affect the collectability of our accounts receivable, along with credit loss reserves and net income. In addition, our ability to access the capital markets may be restricted at a time when we would like, or need, to do so. The economic, political and financial environment may also affect our business and financial condition in ways that we currently cannot predict. The Russia-Ukraine and Middle East conflicts, and resulting international responses, have contributed to further volatility and uncertainty in the global financial and commodities markets, resulting in fluctuations in oil and commodity prices. There can be no assurance that economic and political instability, both domestically and internationally (for example, resulting from the Russia-Ukraine or Middle East conflicts, changes in the creditworthiness of the U.S. or any government, changes to economic or trade policies, sanctions, tariffs or participation in trade agreements or economic and political unions) will not adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows or financial position in the future.

We operate a network of more than 700 sites, including distribution centers, fulfillment centers, and sales offices, with operations in approximately 50 countries. Approximately one-third of our employee population are non-U.S. employees. We derive approximately 26% of our revenues from sales outside of the U.S. As a result, we are subject to additional risks associated with owning and operating businesses in these foreign markets and jurisdictions. Operating in the global marketplace exposes us to a number of risks including: - geopolitical and security issues, including armed conflict and civil or military unrest (such as the evolving Russia-Ukraine and Middle East conflicts), political instability, terrorist activity and human rights concerns;- natural disasters (including as a result of climate change) and public health crises (including pandemics such as COVID-19), and other catastrophic events;- global supply chain disruptions and large-scale outages or inefficient provision of services from utilities, transportation, data hosting, or telecommunications providers;- abrupt changes in government policies, laws, regulations, executive orders, spending allocations, or treaties, including imposition of export, import, or doing-business regulations, trade sanctions, embargoes or other trade restrictions (such as sanctions and other restrictions imposed against Russia in response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, those against China to mitigate the potential U.S. national security concerns related to critical infrastructure and technology, as well as tariffs and trade measures that may increase the cost of goods, limit the availability of key materials, or otherwise disrupt supply chains, pricing, and demand;- regulatory uncertainty, including potential challenges to agency rulemaking authority, which could increase litigation risks, complicate compliance planning, and disrupt our operations;- tax increases, tariff increases, or retaliatory trade measures, including those intended to address trade imbalances or protect domestic industries, that could impact the pricing of our products, the cost and availability of raw materials and components used in production, and the competitiveness of our goods in key markets, while also contributing to broader economic uncertainty, inflationary pressures, and disruptions in our supply chain;- government restrictions on, or nationalization of, our operations in any country;- changes in labor conditions and difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, including logistical and communication challenges;- monetary policy of the countries where we operate and related currency exchange rate fluctuations;- challenges in protecting our IP rights in certain countries;- local business and cultural factors that differ from our current standards and practices;- continuing uncertainty regarding social, political, immigration, tax, and trade policies in the U.S. and abroad; and - other social, political and economic instability, including recessions and other economic crises in other regions. In response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the United States, the European Union and other governments throughout the world imposed broad economic sanctions and other restrictions against Russia and Russian interests. Since October 2023, when Hamas militants attacked Israel, prompting Israel to respond with air strikes and a major ground operation in Gaza, tensions and conflicts have escalated between Israel and other regional actors, including Iran, Syria and Hezbollah in Lebanon. To the extent the Russia-Ukraine and Middle East conflicts escalate or are further prolonged, it may have the effect of heightening many of the risks described above or elsewhere in these risk factors.

The global COVID-19 pandemic created significant disruption to the broader economies, financial markets, workforces, business environment and supply chains, as well as to our suppliers and customers. Beginning in 2020, the pandemic caused significant disruptions to our business due to, among other things, disruptions to our suppliers and global supply chain, labor shortages, transportation disruptions, travel restrictions, the impact on our customers and their demand for our products and services and ability to pay for them, as well as temporary closures of facilities. Some of the actions we have taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as implementing remote working arrangements, may also create increased vulnerability to cybersecurity incidents and other risks. Remote working arrangements and the decrease in commercial office occupancy rates may adversely affect sectors of the economy or the bank or financial markets, which may affect our customers or lenders, or may increase market volatility. The full extent to which new COVID variants or new pandemics may impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition depends on many evolving factors and future developments for which there remains significant uncertainty; the availability, effectiveness and public acceptance of treatments or vaccines (including boosters); the impact of the imposition of governmental actions; and the impact of pandemics on the global supply chain and the broader economy and capital markets, as well as the matters noted above. In addition, COVID variants and other pandemics may adversely affect many of our suppliers' and customers' businesses and operations, including the ability of our suppliers to manufacture or obtain the products we sell or to meet delivery requirements and commitments, and our customers' demand for our products and services and the ability to pay for them, all of which could adversely affect our sales and results of operations. We may not be able to appropriately respond to or manage the impact of these events, and any of these events could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and stock price.

The results of certain of our foreign operations are reported in the local currency and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. The exchange rates between some of these currencies and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly in recent years (particularly the Argentine Peso and the Egyptian Pound), and may continue to do so in the future. Even small fluctuations in exchange rates in currencies where we significantly transact, such as the Canadian dollar, could have material impacts on our business and financial results. We may incur losses related to foreign currency fluctuations, and foreign exchange controls may prevent us from repatriating cash in countries outside the U.S. In addition, because our financial statements are stated in U.S. dollars, such fluctuations may also affect the comparability of our results between financial periods.

We operate in a highly competitive industry and compete directly with global, national, regional and local providers of like products and services. Some of our existing competitors have, and new market entrants may have, greater resources than us. Competition is generally based on product line breadth, product availability, service capabilities and price. Other sources of competition are buying groups formed by smaller distributors to increase purchasing power and provide some cooperative marketing capability, as well as e-commerce companies. There may be new market entrants with non-traditional business and customer service models, resulting in increased competition and changing industry dynamics. Existing or future competitors may seek to gain or retain market share by reducing prices, and we may be required to lower our prices or may lose business, which could adversely affect our financial results. We may be subject to supplier price increases while not being able to increase prices to customers. Also, to the extent that we do not meet changing customer preferences or demands, or to the extent that one or more of our competitors becomes more successful with private label products, on-line offerings or otherwise, our ability to attract and retain customers could be materially adversely affected. Existing or future competitors also may seek to compete with us for acquisitions, which could have the effect of increasing the price and reducing the number of suitable acquisitions. These factors, in addition to competitive pressures resulting from the fragmented nature of our industry, could affect our sales, profit margins and earnings.

Historically, we have experienced a small number of cases in which our vendors supplied us with products that did not conform to the agreed upon specifications. Additionally, we may inadvertently sell a product not suitable for a customer's application. We address this risk through our quality control processes, by seeking to limit liability and our warranty in our customer contracts, and by seeking to obtain indemnification rights from vendors. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to include protective provisions in all of our contracts or that vendors will adequately fulfill their obligations to us. In addition, we may be exposed to significant costs and reputational harm from product liability claims, recalls, or safety issues. Such events, regardless of merit, may lead to litigation, direct or third party claims, regulatory scrutiny, and reduced customer confidence, adversely impacting our financial condition and operating results.