Cushman & Wakefield (CWK) Risk Analysis

We conduct a significant portion of our business and employ a substantial number of people outside of the United States and, as a result, we are subject to risks associated with doing business globally. Our international operations expose us to international economic trends as well as foreign government policy measures. Additional circumstances and developments related to international operations that could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations include the following factors, among others: - political instability in certain countries, including continued or worsening hostilities, terrorism, rule of law instability, armed conflicts and civil unrest in certain regions;- difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international operations among diverse geographies, languages and cultures;- rising insurance premiums across key coverage areas, which may reduce the availability and affordability of adequate insurance coverage;- currency restrictions, transfer pricing regulations and adverse tax consequences, which may affect our ability to transfer capital and profits;- adverse changes in regulatory or tax requirements and regimes or uncertainty about the application of or the future of such regulatory or tax requirements and regimes;- the responsibility of complying with numerous, potentially conflicting and frequently complex and changing laws in multiple jurisdictions, e.g., with respect to data protection, tariffs and duties, immigration, privacy regulations, corrupt practices, embargoes, taxes, sustainability, trade sanctions, employment and licensing;- the impact of regional or country-specific business cycles or economic instability (especially in certain countries that have a significant impact on regional markets, like China);- greater difficulty in collecting accounts receivable or delays in client payments in some regions;- foreign ownership restrictions with respect to operations in certain countries, particularly in Asia Pacific and the Middle East, or the risk that such restrictions will be adopted in the future;- operational, cultural and compliance risks of operating in emerging markets; and - changes in laws or policies governing foreign trade or investment and use of foreign operations or workers, and any negative sentiments due to trends such as populism, economic nationalism or negative sentiments towards multinational companies. Our business activities are subject to a number of laws that prohibit corruption, including anti-bribery laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; import and export control laws; and economic and trade sanctions programs, including rules administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control. Despite the compliance programs we have in place, we may not be successful in preventing or detecting violations in all circumstances, and violations may result in material fines, penalties, and other costs or sanctions against us. Furthermore, our efforts to comply with developments in these laws may adversely impact our business.

Outside of the United States, we generate earnings in other currencies and our operating performance is subject to fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar ("USD"). During the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 30% of our revenue was transacted in currencies other than USD. These currency fluctuations have both positively and adversely affected our results of operations measured in USD in the past and are likely to do so in the future. It can be difficult to compare period-over-period financial statements when the movement in currencies against the USD does not reflect trends in the local underlying business as reported in its local currency. Additionally, due to our changing currency exposures and the volatility of currency exchange rates, we cannot predict the degree to which exchange rate fluctuations will affect our future results of operations.

We are subject to numerous U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. laws and regulations specific to our different service lines. Many of the services we provide (including brokerage of real estate sales and leasing transactions, property and facilities management, project management, conducting real estate valuation and securing debt for clients, among other service lines) require that we comply with regulations and maintain licenses in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The Company and certain of our subsidiaries and service lines are subject to regulation and oversight by the SEC and NYSE or other foreign and state regulators or self-regulatory organizations. If we or our personnel conduct regulated activities without a required license, or otherwise violate applicable laws and regulations, we could be required to pay fines or return commissions, have a license suspended or revoked, or be subject to other adverse action. Licensing requirements could also impact our ability to engage in certain types of transactions or businesses or affect the cost of conducting business. We are also subject to laws of broader applicability, such as environmental, tax (including income and payroll), antitrust and employment laws and anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and anti-corruption laws. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in the imposition of significant fines by governmental authorities, awards of damages to private litigants and significant amounts paid in legal fees or settlements of these matters. Further, new or revised legislation or regulations applicable to our business, both within and outside of the United States, may have an adverse effect on our business, including increasing the cost of conducting business or preventing us from engaging in certain types of transactions. Furthermore, we maintain various types of insurance as part of our risk management strategy and to satisfy the requirements of many of our contracts. In recent years, the insurance market has been characterized by higher premiums, diminished capacity and more conservative underwriting. If these market conditions continue in future, or if we experience an increase in the number or severity of claims incurred, insurance carriers may be unwilling to provide our current levels of coverage in the future without a significant increase in insurance premiums, self-insured retention limits, or collateral requirements to cover our obligations to them. The occurrence of these types of changes to our insurance policies, as well as the occurrence of insurance claims higher than our estimates, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to various litigation risks, and from time to time we are party to various legal proceedings that involve claims for substantial amounts of money or seek injunctive or other equitable relief. We depend on our business relationships and our reputation for high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, allegations against us, irrespective of the validity or ultimate outcome of those allegations, may harm our professional reputation and, as such, materially damage our business and its prospects, in addition to any financial impact. As a licensed real estate broker and provider of commercial real estate services, we and our licensed sales professionals and independent contractors that work for us are subject to statutory due diligence, disclosure and standard-of-care obligations. Failure, or alleged failure, to fulfill these obligations could subject us, our sales professionals or independent contractors to litigation or regulatory actions by parties that have purchased, sold or leased properties that we brokered or managed in the jurisdictions in which we operate. We are subject to claims by participants in real estate sales and leasing transactions, as well as by building owners, tenants and occupiers for whom we provide management services, alleging that we did not fulfill our obligations. We are also subject to claims made by clients for whom we provided appraisal and valuation services and/or third parties who perceive themselves as having been negatively affected by our appraisals and/or valuations. We also could be subject to audits, fines and/or regulatory actions from various local real estate authorities if they determine that we are violating licensing laws by failing to follow certain laws, rules and regulations. In our Services businesses, we hire and supervise third-party contractors to provide many services for our managed properties. We may be subject to claims for defects, negligent performance of work or other similar actions or omissions by third parties we do not control. Moreover, our clients may seek to hold us accountable for the actions of contractors because of our role as property manager, facilities manager or project manager, even if we have technically disclaimed liability as a contractual matter. In certain cases, we may be pressured to contribute to a financial settlement in order to preserve the client relationship. We operate in highly competitive industries, and our business could be adversely affected by litigation brought by antitrust regulators or private parties regarding alleged anti-competitive practices, including the current lawsuit discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report. Because we employ large numbers of building staff in facilities that we manage, we face the risk of potential claims relating to employment injuries, termination and other employment matters. While we are occasionally indemnified by building owners or occupiers in respect to such claims, this does not represent the majority of claims or actions we defend. We also face employment-related claims as an employer with respect to our corporate employees and other personnel for which we would bear ultimate responsibility in the event of an adverse outcome in such matters. In addition, especially given the size of our operations, there is always a risk that a third party may claim that our systems or offerings, including those used by our advisors and clients, may infringe such third party's intellectual property rights. Any such claims or litigation, whether successful or unsuccessful, could require us to enter into settlement agreements with such third parties to stop or revise our use or sale of affected systems, products or services, or to pay damages, which could materially negatively affect our business. Adverse outcomes of disputes and litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In the event of a substantial loss or certain types of claims, our insurance coverage and/or self-insurance reserve levels might not be sufficient to pay the full damages. Additionally, in the event of grossly negligent or intentionally wrongful conduct, insurance policies that we may have may not cover us at all. Any of these events could materially negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Certain laws, regulations and standards across the globe impose requirements regarding cybersecurity, AI governance, data privacy and the security of information maintained by us, our clients and our vendors, as well as increasing reporting obligations in the event of a material cybersecurity incident. These laws and regulations are increasing in scope, complexity and number across the different jurisdictions in which we operate, which require significant resources and attention and have resulted in greater compliance risks for us. In particular, several jurisdictions are developing or have adopted regulations regarding AI that may impose restrictions, or documentation, monitoring, transparency, reporting and governance requirements on our operations and on our vendors that process data on our behalf. Failure to comply with these obligations could result in investigations, fines and other penalties, increased regulatory scrutiny and diversion of management attention. If confidential information, including material nonpublic information or PII we or our vendors and suppliers maintain or process on our behalf, is inappropriately disclosed due to a cybersecurity breach, or if any person negligently disregards or intentionally breaches our policies, contractual commitments or other controls with respect to such data, we may incur substantial liabilities to our clients or be subject to fines or penalties imposed by governmental authorities. In addition, any breach or alleged breach of our confidentiality agreements with our clients may result in termination of their engagements, resulting in associated loss of revenue and increased costs.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data in our data centers, on our networks and via third-party providers. This data includes proprietary business information and intellectual property of ours and of our clients, as well as personally identifiable information ("PII") of our personnel, clients, contractors and vendors. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by various threat actors or to breaches due to personnel error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years, in part because of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activity of hackers, cybercriminals and other external parties. Cybersecurity attacks are becoming more sophisticated and include malicious software (malware), ransomware, phishing and spear-phishing attacks, wire fraud and payment diversion, account and email takeover attacks, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, and other forms of cybercrime. Like others in our industry, we face ongoing attempts to compromise systems and data. Cybersecurity attacks, including attacks that are not ultimately successful, could lead to unauthorized release of confidential information, remediation costs, fines, litigation or regulatory action against us and significant damage to our reputation. Moreover, the integration of AI by us or by our third-party service providers may pose additional cybersecurity risks, including unauthorized access to data exposure (for more information regarding risks related to our AI technologies and governance, see "Increasing use of AI technologies in our operations and client service offerings presents emerging risks, and the inadequate deployment and governance of these AI technologies could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations" under "Risks Related to Our Business and Industry" in this Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report). Further, other incidents of theft, loss, disclosure, corruption, exposure, misappropriation, or misuse of PII or proprietary business data, whether resulting from personnel error, personnel malfeasance or otherwise, could similarly result in adverse effects on our business operations and financial condition. Additionally, we rely on third parties to support our information and technology networks, including cloud storage solution providers, and as a result we have less direct control over certain of our data and information technology systems. We also engage other third parties to support the services we perform for our clients. Any such third parties are also vulnerable to security breaches and compromised security systems, for which we may not be indemnified, and which could materially adversely affect our reputation or financial condition or results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive environment across all of our service lines and geographies. Our business depends in part on our ability to collaborate across service lines, including effective cross-selling, joint marketing and the sharing of technical expertise, in order to deepen client relationships, increase wallet share and differentiate our platform and service offerings. If we are unable to effectively execute our cross-selling strategy, our ability to attract new clients, retain existing clients and expand the scope of services provided to those clients may be adversely affected. We compete for business across a variety of service lines within the commercial real estate services industry, including Services (including property, facilities, and project management), Leasing, Capital markets (including representation of both buyers and sellers in real estate sales transactions and the arrangement of equity, debt and structured financing), Valuation and advisory on real estate appraisals and debt and equity decisions. Our relative competitive position varies significantly across geographies, property types and service lines. Depending on the geography or service, we face competition from other commercial real estate services providers, outsourcing companies, in-house corporate real estate departments, institutional lenders, insurance companies, investment banking firms, investment managers, accounting firms and consulting firms. Further industry consolidation could result in larger or more specialized competitors that are better positioned to compete for clients or specific mandates. In addition, our business depends on long-term client relationships and revenues generated under service agreements, many of which may be terminated by clients for convenience on short notice or without notice. In a competitive market, if we are unable to maintain client relationships, renew existing agreements or replace terminated agreements, or expand services provided to existing clients, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our brand and its attributes are key assets, and we believe our continued success depends on our ability to preserve, grow and leverage the value of our brand. Our ability to attract and retain clients is highly dependent upon the external perceptions of our expertise, level of service, trustworthiness, business practices, management, workplace culture, financial condition, our response to unexpected events and other subjective qualities. Negative perceptions or publicity regarding these matters, whether or not accurate or material, could erode trust and confidence in us, damage our reputation or make it difficult for us to attract or retain clients. Unfavorable perceptions of our brand and reputation could also make it more difficult to attract and retain talented personnel. Negative public opinion could result from actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities or circumstances, including the personal conduct of individuals associated with our brand, handling of client complaints, conflicts of interest, regulatory compliance, the use and protection of sensitive information, and from actions taken by regulators or others in response to any such conduct. The increased use of social media and digital platforms may amplify the speed and scope of reputational harm to our brand. Our brand and reputation may also be harmed by actions taken by third parties that are outside our control. For example, any shortcoming of or controversy related to a third-party vendor may be attributed to us, thus damaging our reputation and brand value and increasing the attractiveness of our competitors' services. Also, actions of our joint venture and strategic partners or our alliance and affiliate firms may adversely affect the value of our investments, result in litigation or regulatory action against us, or otherwise damage our reputation and brand. Negative perceptions or publicity could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For other operational and security risks from our reliance on these third parties, see "Interruption or failure of our information technology, communications systems or data services could impair our ability to provide our services effectively, which could materially harm our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations" and "A security breach or other threat relating to our information systems could lead to confidential information being exposed which could increase the risk of liability and damage our reputation" under "Risks Related to Our Business and Industry" in this Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report. The protection of our brand, including related trademarks and other intellectual property, may require the expenditure of significant financial and operational resources. Moreover, the steps we take to protect our brand may not adequately protect our rights or prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our trademarks. Any unauthorized use by third parties of our brand may adversely affect our business. Furthermore, we may face claims of infringement or other violations of third-party intellectual property rights, including internationally, which may restrict us from leveraging our brand in a manner consistent with our business goals.

We are dependent upon the retention of our Leasing and Capital markets professionals, who generate a significant amount of our revenues, as well as other revenue-producing professionals. The departure of any of our key personnel, including our senior management, or the loss of a significant number of key revenue-producing advisors, if we are unable to quickly hire and integrate qualified replacements, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Competition for these personnel is significant, and our industry is subject to a relatively high turnover of advisors and other key revenue producers, and we may not be able to successfully recruit, integrate or retain sufficiently qualified personnel. Macroeconomic uncertainty, volatility in commercial real estate capital markets and fluctuations in transaction activity may exacerbate these challenges by reducing compensation opportunities for revenue-producing personnel or increasing competitive pressures for talent. In addition, the growth of our business is largely dependent upon our ability to recruit and retain qualified support personnel in all areas of our business. We and our competitors use equity incentives and sign-on and retention bonuses to help recruit, retain and incentivize key personnel. There is significant competition when it comes to recruiting and retaining revenue-producing personnel, and the expense of such incentives and bonuses may increase, or our willingness to pay them may decrease, and we may therefore be unable to recruit or retain such personnel to the same extent that we have in the past. Any additional decline in, or failure to grow, our common share price may also result in an increased risk of loss of these key personnel. Furthermore, shareholder influence on our compensation practices, including our ability to issue equity compensation, as well as increased regulatory, investor or proxy advisory scrutiny of executive and equity-based compensation, may decrease our ability to offer attractive compensation to key personnel and make recruiting, retaining and incentivizing such personnel more difficult. In addition, in the event that any of our qualified revenue-producing advisors or senior management leave the Company, we need to successfully implement the succession plans we have in place, which require devoting time and resources toward identifying and integrating new personnel into leadership roles and other key positions. If we cannot attract and retain qualified personnel or effectively implement appropriate succession plans, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third parties, including subcontractors, to perform activities on behalf of our organization in order to improve quality, increase efficiencies, cut costs and lower operational risks across our business and the services we provide. We have instituted a Global Vendor/Supplier Integrity Policy, which sets out the standards of conduct we expect our vendors and suppliers to uphold. Our contracts with these third parties typically impose contractual obligations to comply with our policies. In addition, we leverage technology and service providers to help us screen vendors, with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of the compliance, data privacy, health and safety and other risks posed to our business by potential and existing vendors, as applicable. However, these policies, contractual provisions and screening processes may not prevent or detect all instances of third-party noncompliance, misconduct or failure. If our third parties do not meet contractual, regulatory or legal requirements, or do not have the proper safeguards and controls in place, we could be exposed to increased operational, regulatory, financial or reputational risks. Further, a failure by third parties to comply with service level agreements or to otherwise provide services in a high-quality and timely manner could result in economic or reputational harm to us. In addition, these third parties face their own technology, operating and economic risks, and any significant failures by them could cause damage to our reputation and harm to our business.