Armstrong World (AWI) Risk Analysis

Our business has greater sales opportunities when construction activity, including both new building construction and renovation of existing buildings, is strong and, conversely, has fewer opportunities when such activity declines. The cyclical nature of construction activity, including construction activity funded by the public sector, tends to be influenced by prevailing economic conditions, including the rate of growth in GDP, financing availability, prevailing interest rates, government spending patterns, business, investor and consumer confidence, inflation, availability of labor, adequately functioning supply chains and other factors beyond our control. Our revenue opportunities come from new construction as well as renovation of existing buildings. Most of our revenue comes from the following sectors of commercial construction – office, education, healthcare, transportation and retail. Commercial construction activity for these sectors can be influenced by the changing needs for spaces, including potential declines in demand for office space as a result of sustained remote or hybrid work models. Prolonged downturns or delays in construction activity could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to various claims and litigation. Any such claims, whether with or without merit, could be time-consuming and expensive to defend and could divert management's attention and resources. While we strive to ensure that our products and services comply with applicable government regulatory standards and internal requirements, and that our products and services perform effectively and safely, customers from time to time could claim that our products and services do not meet warranty or contractual requirements, and users could claim to be harmed by use or misuse of our products and services. These claims could give rise to breach of contract, warranty or recall claims, or claims for negligence, product liability, strict liability, personal injury or property damage. They could also result in negative publicity. In addition, claims and investigations may arise related to patent infringement, customer relationships, commercial contracts, antitrust or competition law requirements, employment matters, employee benefits issues, and other compliance and regulatory matters, including anti-corruption and anti-bribery matters. While we have processes and policies designed to mitigate these risks and to investigate and address such claims as they arise, we cannot predict or, in some cases, control the costs to defend or resolve such claims. We currently maintain insurance against some, but not all, of these potential claims. In the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance at commercially acceptable premium levels. In addition, the levels of insurance we maintain may not be adequate to fully cover any and all losses or liabilities. If any significant judgment or claim is not fully insured or indemnified against, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

We are subject to the tax laws of the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax laws are complex, and the manner in which they apply to our operations, results and tax planning strategies is sometimes open to interpretation. Our income tax expense and reported net earnings may fluctuate significantly and may be materially different than forecasted or experienced in the past. Our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by changes in effective tax rates, changes in our overall profitability, changes in tax legislation, the results of examinations of previously filed tax returns, and ongoing assessments of our tax exposures. Our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations could also be materially and adversely affected by changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. We have substantial deferred tax assets related to state net operating losses ("NOLs"), which are available to offset future state taxable income. However, our ability to utilize the current carrying value of these deferred tax assets may be impacted by certain future events, such as changes in tax legislation and insufficient future taxable income prior to expiration of the NOLs.

Our business is influenced by market and economic conditions, including inflation, deflation, interest rates, tariffs, availability and cost of capital, consumer spending rates, energy availability, the effects of governmental trade policies or spending programs and the impacts of geopolitical events. Volatility in financial markets and softness or deterioration of national and global economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations, including as follows: - the financial stability of our customers or suppliers may be compromised, which could result in additional bad debts for us or non-performance by suppliers;- consumers of our products may postpone spending in response to tighter credit, negative financial news and/or stagnation or further declines in income or asset values, which could have a material adverse impact on the demand for our products;- the value of investments underlying our defined benefit pension plan may decline, which could result in significant cash contributions to the plan in order to meet obligations or regulatory requirements; and - our asset impairment assessments and underlying valuation assumptions may change, which could result from changes to estimates of future sales and cash flows that may lead to substantial impairment charges. Continued or sustained deterioration of economic conditions would likely exacerbate and prolong these adverse effects.

Public health epidemics or pandemics may impact our employees, operations, customers, suppliers and financial results. The extent of the impact will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict, including: the duration and scope of an epidemic or pandemic; government actions taken in response to an epidemic or pandemic, including required shutdowns; the availability, acceptance, distribution and effectiveness of vaccines; the impact on construction activity; supply chain disruptions; rising inflation; labor shortages; sustained remote or hybrid work models; our ability to manufacture and sell our products; and the ability of our customers to pay for our products. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

We seek ways to make our operations more efficient and effective. We may reduce, move, modify or expand our plants and operations, as well as our sourcing and supply chain arrangements, and invest in technology, as needed, to control costs and improve productivity. Such actions involve substantial planning, often require capital investments and may result in charges for fixed asset impairments or obsolescence and substantial severance costs. Our ability to achieve the cost savings and other benefits within expected time frames is subject to many estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are subject to significant economic, competitive and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. If these estimates and assumptions are incorrect, if we experience delays resulting from equipment failures or other interruptions in production, or if other unforeseen events occur, our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on our proprietary intellectual property, including numerous patents, trademarks, designs, copyrights and trade secrets, as well as our licensed intellectual property to market, promote and sell our products. We monitor and protect against activities that might infringe, dilute, or otherwise harm our patents, trademarks, designs, copyrights, trade secrets and other intellectual property and rely on the laws of the U.S. and other countries. Despite our efforts, the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate. Existing trade secret, patent, design, trademark and copyright laws offer only limited protection. Our patents could be invalidated or circumvented. In addition, others may develop substantially equivalent or superseding proprietary technology, or competitors may offer similar competing products that do not infringe on our intellectual property rights, thereby substantially reducing the value of our intellectual property rights. Litigation may be necessary to defend and enforce our intellectual property rights. Engaging in litigation may cause us to incur substantial costs and divert resources, which could harm our business regardless of the outcome. Despite our efforts to protect and maintain our intellectual property rights, both in the U.S. and abroad, we may be unsuccessful in some matters. In addition, the laws of some non-U.S. jurisdictions, particularly those of certain emerging markets, provide less protection for our proprietary rights than the laws of the U.S. and present greater risks of counterfeiting and other infringement. To the extent we cannot protect our intellectual property, unauthorized use and misuse of our intellectual property could harm our competitive position. All of the above could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.

In the conduct of our business, we collect, use, transmit and store data on information systems, which are vulnerable to disruption and an increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. These information systems may be disrupted or fail as a result of events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, including events such as power loss, software or hardware defects, ransomware, malware, phishing, social engineering attacks, supply chain attacks or other cyber-attacks. All of these risks are also applicable where we rely on outside vendors to provide services, which may operate in a cloud environment. We are dependent on third-party vendors for critical services, and any compromise of their systems could result in a service interruption or loss of our data. Any events which deny us use of vital operating or information systems may seriously disrupt our normal business operations. We also compete through our use of information technology. We strive to provide customers with timely, accurate, easy-to-access information about product availability, orders and delivery status using state-of-the-art systems. While we have processes for short-term failures and disaster recovery capability, a prolonged disruption of system or other failures in the reliability of our systems may have a material adverse effect on our operating results. We could also experience a disruption of service or a compromise of our information security due to technical system flaws, clerical, data input or record-keeping errors, migration to new systems, or tampering or manipulation of our systems by employees or unauthorized third parties. Information security risks also exist with respect to the use of portable electronic devices, such as laptops and smartphones, which are particularly vulnerable to loss and theft. Any security breach or compromise of our information systems could significantly damage our reputation, cause the disclosure of confidential customer, employee, supplier or company information, including our intellectual property, and result in significant losses, litigation, fines and costs. The security measures we have implemented to protect against unauthorized access to our information systems and data may not be sufficient to prevent breaches. The regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and privacy is evolving, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, and compliance with those requirements could result in additional costs. Additionally, our key partners, distributors or suppliers could experience a compromise of their information security due to technical system flaws, clerical, data input or record-keeping errors, or tampering or manipulation of their respective systems by employees or third parties, which may have an impact on our commercial sales, vendor, partner or other relationships. Finally, we, along with third parties, may use data from our information systems and publicly available sources in a manner that incorporates artificial intelligence ("AI") technologies and tools. The use of AI may increase risks, including flawed algorithms, hallucinations, and biased outputs. Other risks include data exposure and misuse, including unauthorized access or unintentional disclosure of proprietary manufacturing processes, product designs, pricing data, or other sensitive information. Output generated by AI technologies could result in inaccurate solutions that adversely affect operational decisions, customer relationships, or product quality. As the use of AI technologies continues to evolve, including by competitors, the effectiveness of our cybersecurity, regulatory compliance and intellectual property protection programs may be impacted. In addition, faster or more advanced use of AI by competitors, customers, or other third parties could create competitive or operational disruptions to our business. Failure to successfully govern, integrate, or safeguard the use of AI could subject us to enhanced regulatory scrutiny, litigation, reputational harm, or competitive disadvantage.

Our customers consider product performance attributes, product styling, customer service and price when deciding whether to purchase our products. Failure to meet shifting consumer preferences in our highly competitive markets, whether for product performance attributes, such as acoustics, energy efficiency, sustainability, health attributes, or styling preferences, or our inability to develop and offer new competitive performance features could have a material adverse effect on our sales. Similarly, our ability to identify, protect and market new and innovative solutions is critical to our long-term growth strategy, namely, to sell into more spaces and sell more solutions in every space. If our competitors offer discounts on certain products or provide new or alternative offerings that the marketplace perceives as more cost-effective, it could have a material adverse effect on our price realization. Any of the above factors could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.