Jackson Financial Incorporation (JXN) Risk Analysis

We face risks of litigation and regulatory investigations and actions in the ordinary course of operating our business, including the risk of class action lawsuits, arbitration claims, government subpoenas, regulatory investigations, examinations, actions, and other claims. Given the inherent unpredictability of litigation, the unfavorable resolution of one or more pending litigation matters, or future litigation or actions, inquiries, investigations or examinations, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we ultimately prevail in any litigation, arbitration, or any action or investigation by governmental authorities or regulators, we could suffer significant reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial well-being and financial performance. See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

The annuity products that we market generally provide the customer with certain federal income tax advantages. For example, policyholders of annuity contracts funded with after-tax dollars ("non-qualified") are able to defer federal income taxation on any gain until received. With other savings investments, such as certificates of deposit and taxable bonds, the increase in value is generally taxed each year as it is realized. Additionally, life insurance death benefits are generally exempt from income tax. Proposed tax law changes could, for example, eliminate all or a portion of the income tax advantages described above for annuities and life insurance. If legislation were enacted to reduce or eliminate the tax deferral for annuities, such a change would have an adverse effect on our ability to sell our annuities. Moreover, if the treatment of annuities were changed prospectively, and the tax-favored status of existing contracts was grandfathered, holders of existing contracts would be less likely to surrender or rollover their contracts. These tax law changes, if implemented, could have a material adverse effect on our business. In 2023, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") established a new 15 percent corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") on large applicable corporations. The Company is a large applicable corporation and has been subject to the CAMT since 2023. The CAMT-related provisions contemplate that the U.S. Department of Treasury would issue final regulatory guidance. It remains difficult to predict the specific final guidance or the definition of adjusted financial statement income that is subject to the tax. In the absence of further guidance, despite our federal net operating loss and foreign tax credit carryforwards, we may be required to pay tax equal to 15 percent of our pre-tax financial statement income, as adjusted by the CAMT, which includes certain items that are non-economic and can fluctuate significantly based on the movement of interest rates and equity markets. The CAMT, including the potential impacts of pending regulatory guidance, and any potential future increase in the U.S. corporate income tax rate could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

Volatility in global financial markets and general economic downturns could have a material adverse impact on us. Factors including the availability and cost of credit, economic policy and other U.S. government actions, Federal Reserve actions, prolonged periods of high interest rates and/or high inflation, supply chain issues, pandemics and related government responses, geopolitical conflicts (e.g., the Ukraine-Russia and Israel-Palestine conflicts), international trade disputes, and government shutdowns may contribute to increased volatility in global financial markets. These factors could impact businesses and consumer confidence and cause economic uncertainty, with a consequent slowdown in economic activity potentially impacting global financial markets, investment returns, and liquidity. Those events and conditions could also have an adverse effect on the availability and cost of reinsurance protections and could affect the availability, cost and effectiveness of hedging instruments resulting in a material adverse impact on our profitability. The economic environment may have an adverse effect on our business by decreasing the profitability of our existing business due to unexpected policyholder behavior. For example, in an economic downturn our customers may choose to utilize guaranteed benefits differently than we have assumed, such as taking partial withdrawals more regularly or closing their accounts at a lower rate than we expect, which could increase guaranteed benefits payable. Conversely, in a strong equity environment, more customers might close their annuity accounts than we expect, which could lead to the loss of expected fee or spread income. Unexpected policyholder behavior could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial well-being and financial performance.

Climate change regulation may affect the prospects of companies and other entities whose securities we hold, the value of those securities, or our willingness to continue to hold those securities. Climate change may also influence investor sentiment with respect to the Company and investments in our portfolio, including real estate investments. We cannot predict the long-term impacts on us from climate change or related regulation. A failure to identify and address these global climate issues and related impacts could cause a material adverse effect on the achievement of our business objectives.

We are exposed to continuously evolving risks of attempts to disrupt the availability, confidentiality and integrity of our information technology systems, which could result in disruption to key operations or loss of the availability, confidentiality or integrity of customer, associate, or other data. Artificial intelligence ("AI") developments and availability have increased the scale, sophistication, and unpredictability of those attempts, and the nature and costs of efforts to thwart them. We have been, and likely will continue to be, subject to potential damage from computer viruses, attempts to access confidential information, including customer data, and cybersecurity attacks such as "denial of service" attacks, phishing, sophisticated and automated attacks, and other disruptive software campaigns. Our security measures, including information security policies, standards, administrative, technical, and physical controls, associate training and other preventative actions may not fully protect us from such events, especially if critical vendors are compromised. Customer, associate or representative data, or strictly confidential or proprietary non-public business information could be disclosed to unauthorized parties due to associate error, a cyberattack (e.g., hacking, phishing, malware, etc.), or through a third-party relationship, resulting in financial losses, regulatory penalties, customer attrition, and reputational damage. Increased cybersecurity threats and computer crime also pose a risk of litigation, regulatory investigations, and other penalties. Data privacy is subject to frequently changing rules and regulations regarding the handling of personal data. Any breach in the security of our information technology systems could result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary business information, including sensitive customer, supplier, or associate data maintained in the ordinary course of our business. Any such event, or any failure to comply with these data privacy requirements or other laws in this area, could cause damage to our reputation, customer attrition, loss of revenue, and could result in legal liability or penalties. In addition, we could incur large expenditures to investigate, remediate, and recover networks or information systems and protect against similar future events. We retain confidential information in our information systems and in cloud-based systems (including customer transactional data and personal data about our distribution partners, customers, and our own associates). We rely on commercial technologies and third parties to maintain the security of those systems, yet even strong internal safeguards cannot offset exposure if critical third parties' systems are compromised. Anyone who circumvents our security measures and penetrates our information systems, or the cloud-based systems we use, has and could access, view, misappropriate, alter or delete any information in the systems, including customer data and proprietary business information. It is possible that an associate, contractor, or representative could, intentionally or unintentionally, disclose or misappropriate personal data or other confidential information. Our associates, distribution partners and other third-party partners use portable computers or mobile devices that could contain similar information to that in our information systems, and these devices have been and could be lost, stolen or damaged. Any compromise of our information technology systems or of the third-party partners' systems that results in the unauthorized access or disclosure of personal data or proprietary business information could damage our reputation in the marketplace, deter customers from purchasing our products, subject us to civil and criminal liability and require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses, any of which could cause a material adverse effect on our business.

NAIC model regulations provide minimum capitalization requirements for insurance companies based on RBC formulas. Each of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries is subject to RBC standards or other minimum regulatory capital and surplus requirements under the laws of its respective jurisdiction of domicile. A failure to meet these requirements could subject our subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by insurance regulators, including limitations on our insurance subsidiaries' ability to write additional business, increased regulatory supervision, seizure or liquidation. Any corrective action imposed could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial well-being and financial performance. A decline in the RBC ratio of one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, whether or not it results in a failure to meet applicable RBC requirements, could limit our insurance subsidiaries' ability to make dividends or distributions to us, could result in a loss of customers or new business, or could influence ratings agencies to downgrade financial strength ratings, each of which could cause a material adverse effect on our business. In any particular year, total adjusted capital amounts and RBC ratios could change due to a variety of factors, including: - the amount of statutory earnings generated by the insurance subsidiary,- the amount of additional capital that an insurer must hold to support business growth,- equity, interest rate, and credit market conditions,- the value and credit ratings of certain fixed income and equity securities in an insurance subsidiary's investment portfolio, or - changes to the RBC formulas and the interpretation of the NAIC's instructions with respect to RBC calculation methodologies. In addition, rating agencies may implement changes to their own internal ratings evaluation models, which differ from the NAIC's RBC capital model, that have the effect of increasing or decreasing the amount of capital our insurance subsidiaries should hold relative to the rating agencies' expectations. Under stressed or stagnant capital market conditions and with the aging of existing insurance liabilities, without offsets from new business, the amount of additional statutory reserves that an insurance subsidiary is required to hold could materially increase. Any of these events would decrease the total adjusted capital available for use in calculating an RBC ratio. To the extent that an insurance subsidiary's RBC ratio is deemed to be insufficient, we may seek to take actions either to increase the insurance subsidiary's capitalization or to reduce the capitalization requirements. If we were unable to accomplish those actions, the rating agencies could view that circumstance as a reason for a ratings downgrade.

In some markets, we face competitors that are larger, have greater financial resources or greater market share, have better brand recognition, offer a broader range of products, or have higher crediting rates. Our competitors include major stock and mutual insurance companies, private equity-backed insurance companies, mutual fund organizations, banks, and other financial services companies. In recent years, increased private equity and venture capital investments as well as substantial consolidation and convergence among companies in the insurance and financial services industries resulted in increased competition from large, well-capitalized insurance and financial services firms that market products and services similar to ours. These companies and firms compete with us for customers, distribution partners, and employees. Increased consolidation among banks and other financial services companies could create firms with stronger competitive positions, negatively impact the insurance industry's sales, increase competition for access to third-party distributors, result in greater distribution expenses and impair our ability to market our annuities to our current customer base or expand our customer base. We face competition from other products, including non-insurance products such as mutual funds, certificates of deposit and newly developed investment products. These competitive product pressures could result in increased pricing pressures on our products and services and could harm our ability to maintain or increase our profitability. We also face competition from new entrants into our markets or non-traditional or online competitors, many of whom leverage digital technology that could challenge us, a traditional financial service company, by providing new services or creating new distribution channels. Our ability to generate appropriate returns will depend significantly on our capacity to anticipate and respond appropriately to consumer demand, digital and other technological advances, the need for economies of scale and the consequential impact of consolidation, regulatory actions, and other factors. We may not continue to compete effectively, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business.

We distribute our products through a variety of third-party distribution partners under agreements that can be terminated by either party with or without cause. Failure to maintain an understanding of the changing market, what products our competitors are selling, and what channels have opportunity for growth can contribute to the loss of key distribution partners resulting in our inability to meet or exceed planned sales goals and is detrimental to our overall distribution strategy. Key distributors could terminate their relationship with us, reduce their distribution contracts with us, or reduce the amount of sales they produce for us. Our key distribution partners could merge, consolidate, or change their business models in ways that affect how our products are sold, or new distribution channels could emerge and adversely impact the effectiveness of our distribution efforts. An increase in bank, wirehouse and broker-dealer consolidation activity could increase competition for access to distributors, result in greater distribution expenses and impair our ability to market products through these channels. Any of these changes in distribution could materially and adversely impact our business. Consolidation of distributors or other industry changes could also increase the likelihood that distributors will try to renegotiate the terms of any existing selling agreements to terms less favorable to us.