Agco (AGCO) Risk Analysis

We routinely are a party to claims and legal actions incidental to our business. These include claims for personal injuries by users of farm equipment, disputes with distributors, vendors and others with respect to commercial matters, and disputes with taxing and other governmental authorities regarding the conduct of our business, including environmental matters. While these matters generally are not material to our business, it is entirely possible that a matter will arise that is material. In addition, we use a broad range of technology in our products. We developed some of this technology, we license some of this technology from others, and some of the technology is embedded in the components and parts that we purchase from suppliers. From time-to-time, third parties make claims that the technology that we use violates their patent rights. While to date none of these claims have been significant, we cannot provide any assurances that there will not be significant claims in the future or that currently existing claims will not prove to be more significant than anticipated.

There have been ongoing discussions and significant changes to United States trade policies, treaties, tariffs and taxes. Although the levels change from period to period, we generally have substantial imports into the United States of products and components that are either produced in our foreign locations or are purchased from foreign suppliers, and also have substantial exports of products and components that we manufacture in the United States. The impact of any changes to current trade, tariff or tax policies relating to imports and exports of goods is dependent on factors such as the treatment of exports as a credit to imports, and the introduction of any tariffs or taxes relating to imports from specific countries. Tariff changes are difficult to predict and may cause us material short-term or long-term cost fluctuations. The recent announcements of significant trade policy and tariff actions by the U.S. government, including but not limited to tariffs on imported steel and aluminum products, tariffs on certain imports from China, tariffs on certain imports from Canada and Mexico, announced trade deal between the United States and European Union of baseline tariffs on certain imports from the European Union, and baseline tariffs on most imports from most other countries, continue to create significant uncertainty and potential risks for our business. These announcements in some cases were followed by delays and changes in implementation, and the ultimate tariff structures are unclear at the current time. Depending on the countries affected, increases in tariffs have raised the costs of inputs used in manufacturing our products, which in turn has impacted our cost of goods sold. Additionally, higher tariffs may lead to increased after-tariff sales prices for the products we sell. The impacts of the tariffs may be partially mitigated as a majority of our sales and manufacturing takes place outside the United States. While we are actively exploring opportunities to mitigate these increased costs, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to fully offset the impact of these tariffs. Furthermore, the imposition of retaliatory tariffs from other countries on our exported products could negatively affect our sales and marketplace access in those countries. Moreover, the uncertainty of the enforceability of the tariffs, any changes to such tariffs and any future trade policy changes has adversely impacted, and is expected to continue to adversely impact, our sales. When increases are made to U.S. duty rates or tariffs, reciprocal action by other countries sometimes occurs, and any such increases could impact the price of our products and cause a decline in the demand for our products. We rely on the use of free trade agreements, where available, that may experience alterations, suspensions or cancellations, which could increase our customs expense or otherwise harm our business. In addition to duties and tariffs, any actions taken by the United States or by foreign countries to further implement trade policy changes, including limiting foreign investment or trade, increasing regulatory requirements, or other actions that impact our ability to obtain necessary licenses or approvals could negatively impact our business. These actions are unpredictable, and any of them could also have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, significantly reduce global trade, restrict our access to suppliers or customers, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the Pacific Rim region is an important producer of parts and components that are critical to our products, particularly semiconductor chips. Should events in that region or between governments in that region and the countries in which we manufacture products deteriorate, it could significantly and adversely impact the availability of parts and components to us, and, correspondingly, our ability to produce products at targeted levels. Changes to income tax laws and regulations, or the interpretation of such laws, in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could significantly increase our effective tax rate and ultimately reduce our cash flows from operating activities and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. On December 15, 2022, the European Union Member States formally adopted the EU's Pillar Two Directive, which implements a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") Pillar Two Framework. The Directive became effective on January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025, for different components of the rules. Based on currently issued guidance and the Company's assessment to date, the Company does not expect the legislation to result in a material top-up tax for fiscal year 2025. The OECD released a Side-by-Side package on January 5, 2026, introducing a safe harbor that allows eligible U.S.-parented multinational groups to elect out of Pillar Two while remaining subject to domestic top-up taxes. The package becomes applicable for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2026, with additional safe harbors and transitional relief extending into 2027. As this is an evolving area with new guidance and practices being developed, the Company continues to assess the impact of the Pillar Two income taxes legislation on its future financial performance.

The rationalization of our manufacturing facilities has at times resulted in, and similar rationalizations or restructurings (including relocating production from one facility to another) in the future may result in, temporary constraints upon our ability to produce the quantity of products necessary to fill orders and thereby complete sales in a timely manner. In addition, system upgrades at our manufacturing facilities that impact ordering, production scheduling, manufacturing and other related processes are complex, and could impact or delay production. A prolonged delay in our ability to fill orders on a timely basis could affect customer demand for our products and increase the size of our product inventories, causing future reductions in our manufacturing schedules and adversely affecting our performance. Moreover, our continuous development and production of new products often involve the retooling of existing manufacturing facilities. This retooling may limit our production capacity at certain times in the future, which could adversely affect our performance. In addition, the expansion and reconfiguration of existing manufacturing facilities, as well as new or expanded manufacturing operations in emerging markets, could increase the risk of production delays, as well as require significant investments.

Our products include components and parts manufactured by others. As a result, our ability to timely and efficiently manufacture current products, to introduce new products, and to shift manufacturing of products from one facility to another depends on the quality of these components and parts and the timeliness of their delivery to our facilities. We have previously experienced significant supply chain interruptions, including delays in timely deliveries of components, and there can be no assurance that there will not be future disruptions. In addition, the potential of future natural gas shortages in Europe, as well as predicted overall shortages in other energy sources, could also negatively impact our production and that of our supply chain in the future. At any particular time, we depend on numerous suppliers, and the failure by one or more of our suppliers to perform as needed will result in fewer products being manufactured, shipped and sold. If the quality of the components or parts provided by our suppliers is less than required and we do not recognize that failure prior to the shipment of our products, we will incur higher warranty costs. The timely supply of component parts for our products also depends on our ability to manage our relationships with suppliers, to identify and replace suppliers that fail to meet our schedules or quality standards, and to monitor the flow of components and accurately project our needs. The shift from our existing suppliers to new suppliers, including suppliers in emerging markets, also may impact the quality and efficiency of our manufacturing capabilities, as well as warranty costs. Changes in the availability and prices of certain raw materials, components and parts could result in production disruptions or increased costs and lower profits on the sale of our products. Changes in the availability and price of these raw materials, components and parts, which have fluctuated significantly in the past and are more likely to fluctuate during times of economic volatility, as well as regulatory instability or change in tariffs, can significantly increase the costs of production. This, in turn, could have a material negative effect on performance, particularly if, due to pricing considerations or other factors, we are unable to recover the increased costs through pricing from our dealers.

We have previously experienced significant inflation in a range of costs, including for parts and components, labor, transportation, logistics, and energy. While inflation has continued to ease in 2025, and we were able to pass along these higher costs through increased prices, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to do so in the future. If we are not, it will adversely impact our performance.

A majority of our sales are derived from sales outside the United States. The foreign countries in which our sales are the greatest are Germany, France, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, Finland and Canada. We have significant manufacturing operations in France, Germany, Brazil, Italy and Finland, and we have established manufacturing operations in emerging markets, such as China. Many of our sales involve products that are manufactured in one country and sold in a different country, and therefore, our performance can be adversely affected by adverse changes, in either the country of origin or the country of destination, by the factors discussed elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section, particularly the factors that impact the delivered cost of our products. Our business practices in these foreign countries must comply with not just local law, but also U.S. law, including limitations on where and to whom we may sell products and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). We have a compliance program in place designed to reduce the likelihood of violations of these laws, but it is difficult to identify and prevent violations. Significant violations could subject us to fines and other penalties as well as increased compliance costs. Some of our international operations also are, or might become, subject to various risks that are not present in domestic operations, including restrictions on dividends and the repatriation of funds. Foreign emerging markets may present special risks, such as unavailability of financing, inflation, slow economic growth, price controls and difficulties in complying with U.S. regulations. Domestic and foreign political developments and government regulations and policies directly affect the international agricultural industry, which affects the demand for agricultural equipment. Declines in demand for agricultural equipment adversely affect our performance. Future pandemics, in addition to related or unrelated application, modification or adoption of laws, regulations, trade agreements or policies, can adversely affect the agricultural industry, including the imposition of import and export duties and quotas, expropriation and potentially burdensome taxation, and could have an adverse effect on our performance. Trade restrictions, including potential withdrawal from or modification of existing trade agreements, negotiation of new trade agreements, and imposition of new (and retaliatory) tariffs against certain countries or covering certain products, could limit our ability to capitalize on current and future growth opportunities in the international markets in which we operate and impair our ability to expand our business by offering new technologies, products and services. These changes, particularly increases in the cost of steel, also can impact the cost of the products we manufacture. Trade restrictions and changes in, or uncertainty surrounding, global trade policy also could affect our competitive position. The recent announcements of significant trade policy and tariff actions by the U.S. government, including but not limited to tariffs on imported steel and aluminum products, tariffs on certain imports from China, tariffs on certain imports from Canada and Mexico, announced trade deal between the United States and European Union of baseline tariffs on certain imports from the European Union, and baseline tariffs on most imports from most other countries, continue to create significant uncertainty and potential risks for our business. These announcements in some cases were followed by delays and changes in implementation, and the ultimate tariff structures are unclear at the current time. Depending on the countries affected, increases in tariffs have raised the costs of inputs used in manufacturing our products, which in turn has impacted our cost of goods sold. Additionally, higher tariffs may lead to increased after-tariff sales prices for the products we sell. The impacts of the tariffs may be partially mitigated as a majority of our sales and manufacturing takes place outside the United States. While we are actively exploring opportunities to mitigate these increased costs, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to fully offset the impact of these tariffs. Furthermore, the imposition of retaliatory tariffs from other countries on our exported products could negatively affect our sales and marketplace access in those countries. Moreover, the uncertainty of the enforceability of the tariffs, any changes to such tariffs and any future trade policy changes has adversely impacted, and is expected to continue to adversely impact, our sales. For more information on the risks surrounding tariffs and trade regulation, see the risk factor titled "Changes to United States tax, tariff, trade and import/export regulations may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business." As previously discussed, the health of the agricultural industry and the ability of our international dealers and retail customers to operate their businesses, in general, are affected by domestic and foreign government programs that provide economic support to farmers. As a result, farm income levels and the ability of farmers to obtain advantageous financing and other protections would be reduced to the extent that any such programs are curtailed or eliminated. A recent freeze on the provision of funding and spending in foreign countries through U.S. foreign aid programs has created economic uncertainty for farmers, and more permanent suspensions or reductions in the provision of foreign aid by the U.S. could occur in the future and create greater global uncertainty. Any such reductions likely would result in a decrease in demand for agricultural equipment. For example, a decrease or elimination of current price protections for commodities or of subsidy payments or financing rate subsidies for farmers in the European Union, the United States, Brazil or elsewhere would negatively impact the operations of farmers in those regions, and, as a result, our sales may decline if these farmers delay, reduce or cancel purchases of our products. In emerging markets, some of these (and other) risks can be greater than they might be elsewhere. In addition, the financing provided by the AGCO Finance joint ventures or by others in certain jurisdictions is supported by a government subsidy or guarantee in some markets, including financing rate subsidies. The programs under which those subsidies and guarantees are provided generally are of limited duration and subject to renewal and contain various caps and other limitations. In some markets, for example Brazil, this support is quite significant and, from time to time, has not been available. In the event the governments that provide this support elect not to renew these programs, and were financing not available on reasonable terms, whether through our AGCO Finance joint ventures or otherwise, our performance would be negatively impacted. In 2025 and 2024, we had net sales of approximately $114 million and $90 million, respectively, in Ukraine. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had less than $15 million in assets in Ukraine. It is unclear what impact the hostilities in Ukraine going forward will have on our net sales or assets. We assess the fair value of our assets in Ukraine for potential impairment on a periodic basis as warranted. In addition, AGCO sells products in, and purchases parts and components from, other regions where there could be hostilities. Should hostilities arise, we would expect our sales to decline and for our parts and component deliveries to be interrupted, which would adversely impact our performance. As a result of the multinational nature of our business and the acquisitions that we have made over time, our corporate and tax structures are complex, with a significant portion of our operations being held through foreign holding companies. As a result, we are subject to taxation from multiple tax jurisdictions, and it can be inefficient, from a tax perspective, for us to repatriate or otherwise transfer funds. In addition, we must comply with a greater level of tax-related regulation and reviews by multiple governmental units than do companies with a more simplified structure. Our foreign and U.S. operations also routinely sell products to, and license technology to, other operations of ours. The pricing of these intra-company transactions is subject to regulation and review as well. While we make every effort to comply with all applicable tax laws, audits and other reviews by governmental entities for non-compliance could result in our companies being required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could have an adverse effect on our international operations.

We conduct operations in a variety of currencies. Our production costs, profit margins and competitive position are affected by the strength of the currencies in countries where we manufacture or purchase goods relative to the strength of the currencies in countries where our products are sold. We also are subject to currency exchange rate risk to the extent that our costs are denominated in currencies other than those in which we denominate sales, and to risks associated with translating the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries from local currencies into United States dollars. Similarly, changes in interest rates affect us by increasing or decreasing borrowing costs and finance income. Our most significant transactional foreign currency exposures are the Euro, the Brazilian real and the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar, and the Euro in relation to the British pound. Where naturally offsetting currency positions do not occur, we attempt to manage these risks by economically hedging some, but not necessarily all, of our exposures through the use of foreign currency forward exchange or option contracts. As with all hedging instruments, there are risks associated with the use of foreign currency forward exchange or option contracts, interest rate swap agreements and other risk management contracts. While the use of such hedging instruments provides us with protection for a finite period of time from certain fluctuations in currency exchange and interest rates, when we hedge we forego part or all of the benefits that might result from favorable fluctuations in currency exchange and interest rates. In addition, any default by the counterparties to these transactions could adversely affect our performance. Despite our use of economic hedging transactions, currency exchange rate or interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect our performance. We also are subject to the risk of the imposition of limitations by governments on international transfers of funds. In recent years, the Argentine government has substantially limited the ability of companies to transfer funds out of Argentina. In December 2023, the central bank of Argentina adjusted the official foreign currency exchange rate for the Argentine peso, significantly devaluing the currency relative to the United States dollar. In December 2023, we recorded losses of approximately $80.4 million related to the devaluation of the Argentine peso and the related impacts to our AGCO Finance joint venture in Argentina as included within Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Further devaluation of the peso or continuation or expansion of limitations of transfer of funds in Argentina or in other markets in which we operate, would adversely affect our performance. Please refer to the "Foreign Currency Risk Management" section within Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," for more information.

We rely upon information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities, including supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, invoicing and collection of payments from dealers or other purchasers of our equipment. We also use information technology systems to record, process and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Additionally, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property and proprietary business information, in data centers and on information technology networks. The secure operation of these information technology networks and the processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our business operations and strategy. Despite security measures and business continuity plans, our information technology networks and infrastructure are vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attacks by cyber criminals or breaches due to employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing computer software or hardware, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures, terrorist acts or, natural disasters or other catastrophic events. On May 5, 2022, we discovered that we had been subject to a ransomware cyberattack. The attack resulted in the temporary closure of most of our production sites and parts operations. A majority of the affected locations resumed operations within approximately two weeks after the attack was discovered. There was some data exfiltration as a result of the attack, and a portion of the exfiltrated data subsequently was released publicly. We do not have significant retail operations, and we do not believe that the exfiltrated data included privacy- protected consumer data or that the exfiltration was consequential. We have invested heavily in maturing our information technology and cybersecurity operations and continue to review and improve our safeguards to minimize our exposure to future attacks. The cost of remediation to the impacted systems has not been material. We maintain a cyber liability insurance program, although the coverage may not be sufficient in some circumstances. While we do not believe that the ultimate consequences of the attack were material to our performance, the occurrence of any similar or other events in the future could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, and could disrupt our operations and damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our performance. In addition, as security threats continue to evolve and increase in frequency and sophistication, we increasingly need to invest additional resources to protect the security of our systems and likely will need to invest even more in the future.

The agricultural equipment business is highly competitive, particularly in our major markets. Our two key competitors, Deere & Company and CNH Industrial N.V., are substantially larger than we are and have greater financial and other resources. In addition, in some markets, we compete with smaller regional competitors with significant market share in a single country or group of countries. Our competitors may substantially increase the resources devoted to the development and marketing, including discounting, of products that compete with our products, which would necessitate our making similar expenditures. Additionally, the industry is attracting technology-focused companies and start-up ventures as technology increasingly impacts all aspects of the crop cycle. Competitive pressures in the agricultural equipment business may affect the market prices of new and used equipment, which, in turn, may adversely affect our performance. We maintain an independent dealer and distribution network in the markets where we sell products. The financial and operational capabilities of our dealers and distributors are critical to our ability to compete in these markets. In addition, we compete with other manufacturers of agricultural equipment for dealers. If we are unable to compete successfully against other agricultural equipment manufacturers, we could lose dealers and their retail customers and performance may decline.

Most retail sales of our products are financed, either by our AGCO Finance joint ventures or by a bank or other private lender. The AGCO Finance joint ventures, which are controlled by Rabobank and are dependent upon Rabobank for financing as well, finance approximately 50% of the retail sales of our tractors and combines in the markets where the joint ventures operate. Any difficulty by Rabobank in continuing to provide that financing, or any business decision by Rabobank as the controlling member not to fund the business or particular aspects of it (for example, a particular country or region), would require the joint ventures to find other sources of financing (which may be difficult to obtain) or would require us to find other sources of financing for our dealers and their retail customers. If we are unable to obtain other sources of financing, our dealers and their retail customers would be required to utilize other retail financing providers, which may or may not be available. In an economic downturn, we expect that financing for capital equipment purchases generally would become more difficult and more expensive to obtain. To the extent that financing is not available, or available only at unattractive prices, it would negatively impact our performance. Both AGCO and our AGCO Finance joint ventures have substantial accounts receivable from dealers and retail customers and are adversely impacted when collectability is less than optimal. Overall collectability depends upon the financial strength of the agricultural industry, which in turn depends upon the factors discussed elsewhere in this "Risk Factors" section. Certain finance joint ventures lease equipment that may experience residual value losses that exceed expectations caused by lower pricing for used equipment and higher than expected returns at lease maturity. AGCO guarantees minimum residual values for some of the leased equipment. To the extent that defaults and losses are higher than expected, our equity in the net earnings of the finance joint ventures would be less, or there could be losses, which could materially impact our performance.