BlackBerry (BB) Risk Analysis

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Public companies are required to disclose risks that can affect the business and impact the stock. These disclosures are known as “Risk Factors”. Companies disclose these risks in their yearly (Form 10-K), quarterly earnings (Form 10-Q), or “foreign private issuer” reports (Form 20-F). Risk factors show the challenges a company faces. Investors can consider the worst-case scenarios before making an investment. TipRanks’ Risk Analysis categorizes risks based on proprietary classification algorithms and machine learning.

BlackBerry disclosed 30 risk factors in its most recent earnings report. BlackBerry reported the most risks in the “Tech & Innovation” category.

Risk Overview Q2, 2025

Risk Distribution

33% Tech & Innovation

17% Finance & Corporate

17% Legal & Regulatory

17% Ability to Sell

10% Macro & Political

7% Production

Finance & Corporate - Financial and accounting risks. Risks related to the execution of corporate activity and strategy

This chart displays the stock's most recent risk distribution according to category. TipRanks has identified 6 major categories: Finance & corporate, legal & regulatory, macro & political, production, tech & innovation, and ability to sell.

Risk Change Over Time

2022

S&P500 Average

Sector Average

Risks removed

Risks added

Risks changed

BlackBerry Risk Factors

New Risk (0)

Risk Changed (0)

Risk Removed (0)

No changes from previous report

The chart shows the number of risks a company has disclosed. You can compare this to the sector average or S&P 500 average.

The quarters shown in the chart are according to the calendar year (January to December). Businesses set their own financial calendar, known as a fiscal year. For example, Walmart ends their financial year at the end of January to accommodate the holiday season.

Risk Highlights Q2, 2025

Main Risk Category

Tech & Innovation

With 10 Risks

Tech & Innovation

With 10 Risks

Number of Disclosed Risks

No changes from last report

S&P 500 Average: 31

No changes from last report

S&P 500 Average: 31

Recent Changes

0Risks added

0Risks removed

0Risks changed

Since May 2025

0Risks added

0Risks removed

0Risks changed

Since May 2025

Number of Risk Changed

-6

From last report

S&P 500 Average: 3

-6

From last report

S&P 500 Average: 3

See the risk highlights of BlackBerry in the last period.

Risk Word Cloud

The most common phrases about risk factors from the most recent report. Larger texts indicate more widely used phrases.

Risk Factors Full Breakdown - Total Risks 30

Tech & Innovation

Total Risks: 10/30 (33%)Above Sector Average

Innovation / R&D1 | 3.3%

Innovation / R&D - Risk 1

The Company may not be able to enhance, develop, introduce or monetize its products and services in a timely manner with competitive pricing, features and performance.

The industries in which the Company competes are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions, frequent market price reductions, constant improvements in features and short product life cycles. The Company's future success depends upon its ability to enhance and integrate its current products and services, to provide for their compatibility with evolving industry standards and operating systems, to address competing technologies and evolving security threats, and to continue to develop and introduce new products and services offering enhanced performance and functionality on a timely basis at competitive prices The process of developing new technology is complex and uncertain, and involves time, substantial costs and risks, which are further magnified when the development process integrations with third-party platforms. The development of next-generation technologies that utilize new and advanced features involves making predictions regarding market adoption of such technologies. The Company may be required to commit significant resources to developing new products, software and services before knowing whether such investment will result in products or services that the market will accept. The Company's inability, for technological or other reasons, some of which may be beyond the Company's control, to enhance, develop, introduce and monetize products and services in a timely manner, or at all, in response to changing market conditions or customer requirements could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition or could result in its products and services not achieving market acceptance or becoming obsolete. In addition, if the Company fails to deliver a compelling customer experience or accurately predict emerging technological trends and the changing needs of customers and end users, or if the features of its new products and services do not meet the demands of its customers or are not sufficiently differentiated from those of its competitors, the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed.

Trade Secrets2 | 6.7%

Trade Secrets - Risk 1

Failure to protect the Company's intellectual property could harm its ability to compete effectively and the Company may not earn the revenues it expects from intellectual property rights.

The Company's commercial success is highly dependent upon its ability to protect its proprietary technology. The Company relies on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect its proprietary rights, all of which offer only limited protection. Despite the Company's efforts, the steps taken to protect its proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of its proprietary information or infringement of its intellectual property rights. Detecting and protecting against the unauthorized use of the Company's products, technology proprietary rights, and intellectual property rights is expensive, difficult and, in some cases, impossible. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend the Company's intellectual property rights and could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, either of which could harm the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations, and there is no assurance that the Company will be successful. Further, the laws of certain countries in which the Company's products and services are sold or licensed do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of Canada or the United States. With respect to patent rights, the Company cannot be certain whether any of its pending patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or whether the examination process will require the Company to narrow its claims. Furthermore, any patents issued could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented and may not provide proprietary protection or a competitive advantage. In addition, a number of the Company's competitors and other third parties have been issued patents, and may have filed patent applications or may obtain additional patents and proprietary rights, for technologies similar to those that the Company has made or may make in the future. Public awareness of new technologies often lags behind actual discoveries, making it difficult or impossible to know all relevant patent applications at any particular time. Consequently, the Company cannot be certain that it was the first to develop the technology covered by its pending patent applications or that it was the first to file patent applications for the technology. In addition, the disclosure in the Company's patent applications may not be sufficient to meet the statutory requirements for patentability in all cases. As a result, there can be no assurance that the Company's patent applications will result in patents being issued. While the Company enters into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with its employees, consultants, contract manufacturers, customers, potential customers and others to attempt to limit access to, and distribution of, proprietary and confidential information, it is possible that: - some or all of its confidentiality agreements will not be honored;- third parties will independently develop equivalent technology or misappropriate the Company's technology or designs;- disputes will arise with the Company's strategic partners, customers or others concerning the ownership of intellectual property;- unauthorized disclosure or use of the Company's intellectual property, including source code, know-how or trade secrets will occur; or - contractual provisions may not be enforceable. In addition, the Company expends significant resources to patent and manage the intellectual property it creates with the expectation that it will generate revenues by incorporating that intellectual property in its products or services. The Company also monetizes its patent assets through outbound licensing. Changes in the law may weaken the Company's ability to collect royalty revenue for licensing its patents. Similarly, licensees of the Company's patents may fail to satisfy their obligations to pay royalties, or may contest the scope and extent of their obligations. Finally, the royalties the Company can obtain to monetize its intellectual property may decline because of the evolution of technology, changes in the selling price of products using licensed patents, or the difficulty of discovering infringements. The consideration payable to the Company from the sale of its non-core patent portfolio in the Malikie Transaction is expected to include potential future royalty payments. The royalties, if any, that may be earned by the Company from the Malikie Transaction in any particular fiscal year or in the aggregate over the term of the royalty arrangement are difficult to predict, particularly given that any such royalties will depend entirely upon the business success of a third party. The aggregate proceeds that the Company ultimately receives from the Malikie Transaction are expected to be less than $900 million.

Trade Secrets - Risk 2

The Company could be found to have infringed on the intellectual property rights of others.

Companies in the software and technology industries, including some of the Company's current and potential competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently engage in litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Although the Company believes that third-party software included in the Company's products is licensed from the entity holding the intellectual property rights and that its products do not infringe on the rights of third parties, third parties have and are expected to continue to assert infringement claims against the Company in the future. The Company may be subject to these types of claims either directly or indirectly through indemnities that it provides to certain of its customers, partners and suppliers against these claims. Many intellectual property infringement claims are brought by entities whose business model is to obtain patent-licensing revenues from operating companies such as the Company. Because such entities do not typically generate their own products or services, the Company cannot deter their claims based on counterclaims that they infringe patents in the Company's portfolio or by entering into cross-licensing arrangements. Regardless of whether patent or other intellectual property infringement claims against the Company have any merit, they could: - adversely affect the Company's relationships with its customers;- be time-consuming and expensive to evaluate and defend, including in litigation or other proceedings;- result in negative publicity for the Company;- divert management's attention and resources;- cause product delays or stoppages;- subject the Company to significant liabilities;- require the Company to develop possible workaround solutions that may be costly and disruptive to implement; and - require the Company to cease certain activities or to cease selling its products and services in certain markets. In addition, any such claim may require the Company to enter into costly royalty agreements or obtain a license for the intellectual property rights of third parties. Such licenses may not be available or they may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. Any of the foregoing infringement claims and related litigation could have a significant adverse impact on the Company's business and operating results, as well as the Company's ability to generate future revenues and profits. See also "Legal Proceedings" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cyber Security2 | 6.7%

Cyber Security - Risk 1

The occurrence or perception of a breach of the Company's network cybersecurity measures or an inappropriate disclosure of confidential or personal information could significantly harm its business

The Company is continuously exposed to cyber threats through the actions of outside parties, such as hacking, viruses, and other malicious software, denial of service attacks, industrial espionage and other methods designed to breach the Company's network or data security. The Company is also exposed to risk as a result of process, coding or human errors and through attempts by third parties to fraudulently induce employees to provide access to confidential or personal information. Although malicious attempts to gain unauthorized access to such information affect many companies across various industries, the Company is at a relatively greater risk of being specifically targeted because of its reputation for security and the nature of its network operations. The Company devotes significant resources to network security, encryption and authentication technologies and other measures, including security policies and procedures, vulnerability testing and awareness training, to mitigate cyber risk to its systems, endpoints and data. In addition, the Company engineers novel security and reliability features, deploys software updates to address vulnerabilities, and maintains a security infrastructure that protects the integrity of the Company's network, products and services. The Company also mitigates risk by actively monitoring external threats, reviewing best practices and implementing appropriate internal controls, including incident response plans. However, the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to disable or degrade service are constantly evolving and becoming more sophisticated in nature, and frequently are not recognized or identified until after they have been deployed against a target. The Company may not be able to anticipate these techniques, to implement adequate preventative measures or to identify and respond to them in a timely manner, and the Company's efforts to do so may have a material adverse impact on the Company's operating margins, the user experience or compatibility with third party products and services. Although to date the Company has not experienced any material financial or other losses relating to technology failure, cyberattacks or security breaches, there is no assurance that the Company will not experience material loss or damage in the future. If the network and product security measures implemented by the Company or its partners, including third-party data center operators, cloud service providers and product manufacturers are breached, or perceived to be breached, or if the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the Company's data, including intellectual property and legally protected personal data, is compromised, the Company could be exposed to significant litigation, service disruptions, investigation and remediation costs, regulatory sanctions, fines and contractual penalties. In addition, any such event could materially damage the Company's reputation, which is built in large measure on the security and reliability of BlackBerry products and services, and could result in the loss of investor confidence, channel partners, competitive advantages, revenues and customers, including the Company's most significant government and regulated enterprise customers. While the Company maintains cybersecurity insurance, the Company's coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses or types of claims that may arise from cyber incidents, and any incidents may result in the loss of, or increased costs of, the Company's insurance.

Cyber Security - Risk 2

A failure or perceived failure of the security features of the Company's solutions could materially adversely affect the Company's reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company's products and services frequently involve the transmission, processing and storage of data, including proprietary, confidential and personally-identifiable information, and a security compromise, misconfiguration or malfunction involving the Company's software could result in such information being accessible to attackers or other third parties. Real or perceived security breaches against a customer using the Company's solutions could cause damage or disruption to the customer and subject the Company to liability, and may result in the customer and the public believing that the Company's solutions are ineffective. Additionally, the Company's products and services are highly complex and may contain design defects, bugs or security vulnerabilities that are difficult to detect and correct. Such internal defects and a variety of external factors, including misconfigurations or errors introduced through collaborations with the Company's engineering partners, could impair the effectiveness of the Company's solutions. Real or perceived defects, errors or vulnerabilities in the Company's software and services could result in the delay or denial of their market acceptance and may harm the Company's financial condition, results of operations and reputation as a security solutions vendor. If errors are discovered, correcting them could require significant expenditures by the Company and the Company may not be able to successfully correct them in a timely manner or at all.

Technology5 | 16.7%

Technology - Risk 1

The Company is subject to risks related to the use of open source software may not be able to obtain rights to use third-party software.

Certain software that the Company uses may be subject to open source licenses. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some open source licenses contain requirements that the Company make available source code for modifications or derivative works created by the Company based upon the type of open source software used. If the Company combines its proprietary solutions with open source software in a certain manner, the Company could, under certain of the open source licenses, face claims from third parties claiming ownership of or demanding the public release of the source code of the Company's proprietary solutions, or demanding that the Company offer its solutions to users at no cost. This could allow the Company's competitors to create similar solutions with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of revenue to the Company. The Company could also be subject to litigation by parties claiming that what the Company believes to be licensed open source software infringes their intellectual property rights. The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on the Company's ability to commercialize its products and services. In such an event, the Company could be exposed to litigation or reputational damage, and could be required to obtain licenses from third parties in order to continue offering its products and services or to re-engineer its products or services, or discontinue their sale in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, any of which could materially and adversely affect the Company's business and operating results. Certain of the Company's products include intellectual property that is licensed from third parties. The termination of any of these licenses, or the failure of such third parties to adequately maintain, protect or update their software or intellectual property rights, could delay the Company's ability to offer its products while the Company seeks to implement alternative technology offered by other sources (which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms) or develop such technology internally (which would require significant unplanned investment on the Company's part). The use of third-party software in the Company's products could also expose the Company and its customers to security vulnerabilities.

Technology - Risk 2

Network disruptions or other business interruptions could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business and harm its reputation.

The Company's operations rely to a significant degree on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of complex technology systems and networks, which are in some cases integrated with those of cloud service providers and third-party data centre operators. The Company's network operations and technology systems are potentially vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including by fire, earthquake, power loss, telecommunications or computer systems failure, cyberattack, human error, terrorist acts, war, and the threatened or actual suspension of BlackBerry services at the request of a government for alleged non-compliance with local laws or other events. The increased number of third-party applications on the Company's network may also enhance the risk of network disruption or cyberattack for the Company. There may also be system or network interruptions if new or upgraded systems are defective or not installed properly, or if data centre operators fail to meet agreed service levels. The Company has experienced network events, including those arising from third-party applications, in the past, none of which had a material impact on us. Any future outage in a network or system or other unanticipated problem that leads to an interruption or disruption of BlackBerry services, however, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition, and could adversely affect the Company's reputation.

Technology - Risk 3

The Company may not be successful in fostering an ecosystem of third-party application developers.

The Company believes decisions by customers to purchase its products depend and will depend in part on the availability and compatibility of software applications and services that are developed and maintained by third-party developers. The Company may not be able to convince third parties to develop and maintain applications for its secure communications software and embedded solutions platforms. The loss of, or inability to maintain these developer relationships may materially and adversely affect the desirability of the Company's products and, hence, the Company's revenue from the sale of its products.

Technology - Risk 4

The Company's products and services are dependent upon interoperability with rapidly changing systems provided by third parties.

The Company's platform depends on interoperability with solutions offered by silicon vendors and other software vendors, such as those provided by Apple, Google and Microsoft, as well as by automotive OEMs. If the Company fails to support timely integrations with third-party solutions, the Company's business and reputation could suffer. This could further disrupt the Company's product roadmap and cause it to delay introduction of planned products and services, features and functionality, which could harm the Company's business. Furthermore, some of the features and functionality in the Company's products and services require interoperability with APIs from other vendors, and if these vendors decide to restrict the Company's access to their APIs, that functionality would be lost and the Company's business could be impaired.

Technology - Risk 5

The Company uses artificial intelligence solutions, which may expose it to operational challenges, legal liability, reputational harm and regulatory concerns.

The Company incorporates novel uses of artificial intelligence ("AI") technologies, including generative AI, into its operations. The introduction of generative AI, an emerging technology in the early stages of commercial use, into the Company's operations may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, confidentiality, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect the Company's business, reputation, or financial results. Known risks of generative AI currently include risks related to accuracy, bias, toxicity, privacy and security and data provenance. For example, AI technologies, including generative AI, may create content that appears correct but is factually inaccurate or flawed, or contains copyrighted or other protected material, and if the Company uses this flawed or protected content to its detriment or the owners of such copyrighted material seek to enforce their rights, the Company may be exposed to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm and/or legal liability. The technologies underlying AI and its uses are the subject of ongoing review by various governmental and regulatory agencies, and various jurisdictions in the U.S., the European Union and elsewhere are applying, or are considering applying, their cybersecurity and data protection laws to AI or are considering general legal frameworks for AI. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with these laws, regulations or ethical standards could include significant penalties and reputational harm.

Finance & Corporate

Total Risks: 5/30 (17%)Below Sector Average

Share Price & Shareholder Rights1 | 3.3%

Share Price & Shareholder Rights - Risk 1

The market price of the Company's common shares is volatile.

The market price of the Company's outstanding common shares has been and continues to be volatile. The market price of the Company's shares may fluctuate significantly in response to the risks described elsewhere in these Risk Factors, as well as numerous other factors, many of which are beyond the Company's control, including: (i) announcements by the Company or its competitors of new products and services, acquisitions, customer wins or strategic partnerships; (ii) forward-looking financial guidance provided by the Company, any updates to this guidance, or the Company's failure to meet this guidance; (iii) quarterly and annual variations in operating results, which are difficult to forecast, and the Company's financial results not meeting the expectations of analysts or investors; (iv) recommendations by securities analysts or changes in earnings estimates; (v) the performance of other technology companies or the increasing market share of such companies; (vi) results of existing or potential litigation; (vii) market rumours; (viii) trading in derivative securities based on the Company's common shares; or (ix) speculative trading that is not primarily motivated by Company announcements or the condition of the Company's business. In addition, dilutive share issuances could adversely affect the market price of the Company's outstanding common shares. In addition, broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of the Company's common shares, regardless of the Company's operating performance. The stock market in general, and the securities of technology companies in particular, have often experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Periods of volatility in the market price of the Company's securities may prompt securities class action litigation against the Company which, if not resolved swiftly, can result in substantial costs and a diversion of management's attention and resources. See also the Risk Factor entitled "Litigation against the Company may result in adverse outcomes" and the "Legal Proceedings" section in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Accounting & Financial Operations2 | 6.7%

Accounting & Financial Operations - Risk 1

The Company faces asset risk, including the potential for charges related to certain investments, long-lived assets and goodwill.

As partial consideration for the sale of its Cylance endpoint security assets and liabilities to Arctic Wolf, the Company received common shares of Arctic Wolf as well as a covenant from Arctic Wolf to make a subsequent cash payment to the Company of approximately $40 million one year following the closing. The common shares of Arctic Wolf are illiquid securities without a public market and, as such, they cannot be readily sold or exchanged for cash and they may be difficult to value accurately. The Company may not be able to sell these shares at desired times or prices, which could negatively impact its financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the Company is exposed to risk related to potential non-payment of the deferred cash consideration from Arctic Wolf. The Company's long-lived assets include items such as the Company's network infrastructure, operating lease right-of-use assets and certain intellectual property. Under U.S. GAAP, the Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company's ability to generate sufficient cash flows to fully recover the current carrying value of these assets depends on the successful execution of its strategies. If it is determined that sufficient future cash flows do not exist to support the current carrying value, the Company will be required to record an impairment charge for long-lived assets in order to adjust the value of these assets to the newly established estimated value. Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired. Under U.S. GAAP, the Company tests goodwill for impairment annually, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. These events and circumstances may include a significant change in legal factors or in the business climate, a significant decline in the Company's share price, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant disposal activity and the testing of recoverability for a significant asset group. If any such events or circumstances arise, the Company may be required to record an impairment charge in the value of its goodwill.

Accounting & Financial Operations - Risk 2

The Company expects its quarterly revenue and operating results to fluctuate.

The Company's revenues can change from one quarter to the next, including due to unexpected developments late in a quarter, such as lower-than-anticipated demand for the Company's products and services, issues with new product or service introductions, an internal systems failure, or challenges with one of the Company's distribution channels or other partners (including licensees and manufacturers). Gross margins on the Company's products and services vary across product lines and can change over time as a result of product transitions, pricing and configuration changes, and cost fluctuations. In addition, the Company's gross margin and operating margin percentages, as well as overall profitability, may be materially adversely impacted as a result of a shift in product/service, geographic or channel mix, component cost increases, price competition, or the introduction of new products and services, including those that have higher cost structures or reduced pricing.

Debt & Financing1 | 3.3%

Debt & Financing - Risk 1

The Company has incurred indebtedness, which could adversely affect its operating flexibility and financial condition.

The Company has, and may from time to time in the future have, third-party debt service obligations pursuant to its outstanding indebtedness, which currently includes $200 million aggregate principal amount of 3.00% Senior Convertible Notes maturing on February 15, 2029 (the "Notes"). The degree to which the Company is leveraged could have important consequences, including that: - the Company's ability to obtain additional debt financing may be limited; and - a portion of the Company's cash flow from operations or other capital resources will be dedicated to the payment of the principal of, and/or interest on, indebtedness, thereby reducing funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, strategic initiatives or other business purposes. If the Company cannot maintain an adequate cash balance or positive cash flow from operations, the Company may be unable to pay amounts due under its outstanding indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs and it may be required to refinance all or part of its then existing indebtedness, sell assets, reduce or delay capital expenditures or seek to raise additional capital, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the Company would be able to restructure or refinance the Notes on terms as favourable as those currently in place. The Notes are subject to restrictive and other covenants that may limit the discretion of the Company and its subsidiaries with respect to certain business matters. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the Company's outstanding indebtedness, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Corporate Activity and Growth1 | 3.3%

Corporate Activity and Growth - Risk 1

Acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other business initiatives may negatively affect the Company's results of operations.

The Company actively evaluates opportunities to acquire or invest in businesses, assets, products, services and technologies. Any such strategic transactions involve significant challenges and risks, including: that they may not advance the Company's strategic objectives or generate satisfactory synergies or return on investment; that the Company may have difficulty integrating and managing new employees, business systems, development teams and product offerings; the potential loss of key employees of an acquired business; additional demands on the Company's management, resources, systems, procedures and controls; and disruption of the Company's ongoing business. In addition, acquisitions may involve unanticipated costs and liabilities, including possible litigation and new or increased regulatory exposure, which are not covered by the indemnity or escrow provisions, if any, of the relevant acquisition agreements. As business circumstances dictate, the Company may also decide to divest itself of assets or businesses, as in the case of the sale of the Cylance endpoint security assets to Arctic Wolf. The Company may not be successful in identifying or managing the risks involved in any divestiture, including its ability to negotiate or collect a reasonable purchase price for the assets, potential liabilities that may continue to apply to the Company following the divestiture, potential tax implications, business disruption, employee issues or other matters. The Company's inability to address these risks could adversely affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Legal & Regulatory

Total Risks: 5/30 (17%)Above Sector Average

Regulation1 | 3.3%

Regulation - Risk 1

Government regulations applicable to the Company's products and services, including products containing encryption capabilities, could negatively impact the Company's business.

Certain government regulations applicable to the Company's products and services may provide opportunities for competitors or limit growth. The impact of potential incremental obligations may vary based on the jurisdiction, but regulatory changes could impact whether the Company enters, maintains or expands its presence in a particular market, and whether the Company must dedicate additional resources to comply with these obligations. Various countries have enacted laws and regulations, adopted controls, license or permit requirements, and restrictions on the export, import, and use of products or services that contain encryption technology. In addition, from time to time, governmental agencies have proposed additional regulations relating to encryption technology, such as requiring certification, notifications, review of source code, or the escrow and governmental recovery of private encryption keys. Governmental regulation of encryption technology, including the regulation of imports or exports, could harm the Company's sales in one or more jurisdictions and adversely affect the Company's revenues. Complying with such regulations could also require the Company to devote additional research and development resources to change the Company's software or services or alter the methods by which the Company makes them available, which could be costly. In addition, failure to comply with such regulations could result in penalties, costs and restrictions on import or export privileges or adversely affect sales to government agencies or government funded projects.

Litigation & Legal Liabilities1 | 3.3%

Litigation & Legal Liabilities - Risk 1

Litigation against the Company may result in adverse outcomes.

In the course of its business, the Company is subject to potential litigation claims and enforcement actions arising from its public disclosure. Given the highly competitive and dynamic industry in which the Company operates and the evolution of the Company's business strategy over time, the Company's financial results may not follow any past trends, making it difficult to predict the Company's financial results. Consequently, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the Company's forward-looking statements and may not meet the expectations of analysts or investors, which can contribute to the volatility of the market price of the Company's common shares. In addition, the Company receives general commercial claims related to the conduct of its business and the performance of its products and services, including employment claims, claims for breaches of contractual covenants and other litigation claims, which may potentially include claims relating to improper use of, or access to, personal data. Liability claims related to product defects, bugs or vulnerabilities could give rise to class action litigation or to the withdrawal of certifications, and the Company may be subject to such claims either directly or indirectly through indemnities that it provides to certain of its customers. The Company's exposure to product liability risk may increase as the Company continues to commercialize its software innovations for autonomous and connected vehicles. Litigation resulting from these claims and from actions asserted by the Company could be costly and time-consuming and could divert the attention of management and key personnel from the Company's business operations. The complexity of the technology involved and the inherent uncertainty of commercial, class action, securities, employment and other claims increases these risks. In recognition of these considerations, the Company may enter into settlements resulting in material expenditures, the payment of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operation and financial condition. Similarly, if the Company is unsuccessful in its defence of material litigation claims, the Company may be faced with significant monetary damages or injunctive relief against it that could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, BlackBerry brand, results of operations and financial condition. Administrative or regulatory actions against the Company or its employees could also have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, BlackBerry brand, results of operations and financial condition. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding certain legal proceedings in which the Company is involved.

Taxation & Government Incentives1 | 3.3%

Taxation & Government Incentives - Risk 1

Tax provision changes, the adoption of new tax legislation or exposure to additional tax liabilities could materially impact the Company's financial condition.

The Company is subject to income, indirect (such as sales tax, sales and use tax and value-added tax) and other taxes in Canada, the United States and numerous other foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining its worldwide liability for income, indirect and other taxes, as well as potential penalties and interest. In the ordinary course of the Company's business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although the Company believes that its tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no assurance that the final determination of any tax audits will not be materially different from that which is reflected in historical income, indirect and other tax provisions and accruals. Should additional taxes or penalties and interest be assessed as a result of an audit, litigation or changes in tax laws, there could be a material adverse effect on the Company's current and future results and financial condition. In addition, there is a risk of recoverability of future deferred tax assets. The Company's future effective tax rate will depend on the relative profitability of the Company's domestic and foreign operations, the statutory tax rates and taxation laws of the related tax jurisdictions, the tax treaties between the countries in which the Company operates, the timing of the release, if any, of the valuation allowance, and the relative proportion of research and development incentives to the Company's profitability. Under U.S. federal income tax laws, if a company is, or for any past period was, a passive foreign investment company ("PFIC"), there could be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders even if the Company is no longer a PFIC. While the Company does not believe that it is currently a PFIC, there can be no assurance that the Company was not a PFIC in the past and will not be a PFIC in the future.

Environmental / Social2 | 6.7%

Environmental / Social - Risk 1

The use and management of user data and personal information could give rise to liabilities as a result of legal, customer and other third-party requirements.

User data and personal information is increasingly subject to new and amended legislation and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world that are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal information, as well as the collection, storage, transmission, use and disclosure of such information. The interpretation of privacy and data protection laws and their application to the Internet and mobile communications in a number of jurisdictions is unclear and evolving. There is a risk that these laws may be interpreted and applied in conflicting ways from country to country and in a manner that is not consistent with the Company's current data protection practices. Complying with these varying international requirements could cause the Company to incur additional costs and change the Company's business practices. In addition, because the Company's services are accessible worldwide, certain foreign jurisdictions may claim that the Company is required to comply with their laws, even where the Company has no local entity, employees, or infrastructure. Non-compliance could result in penalties or significant legal liability and the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. The Company's customers, partners and members of its ecosystem may also have differing expectations or impose territorial or other requirements for the collection, hosting, processing and transmittal of user data or personal information in connection with BlackBerry products and services. Such expectations or requirements could subject the Company to additional costs, liabilities or negative publicity, and limit its future growth. In addition, governmental authorities may require access to limited data stored by the Company through lawful access demands and capabilities, which could subject the Company to legal liability, unforeseen compliance cost and negative publicity. Even a perception that the Company's products or practices do not adequately protect users' privacy or data collected by the Company, made available to the Company or stored in or through the Company's products, or that they are being used by third parties to access personal or consumer data, could impair the Company's sales or its reputation.

Environmental / Social - Risk 2

Environmental, social and governance ("ESG") expectations and standards expose the Company to risks that could adversely affect the Company's reputation and performance.

Regulatory requirements and standards for identifying, measuring and reporting ESG matters continue to evolve in many of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. If the Company's ESG practices or disclosures do not meet evolving investor or other stakeholder expectations and standards, then the reputation of the Company, its ability to attract or retain employees, and its attractiveness as an investment, business partner, acquiror or service provider could be negatively impacted. Further, the Company's failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfill ESG objectives or to satisfy applicable reporting standards on a timely basis, or at all, could have similar negative impacts or expose the Company to government enforcement actions and private litigation At the same time, "anti-ESG" sentiment has recently gained momentum across the U.S., as evidenced most notably by state legislative actions, investor initiatives, and an executive order opposing diversity, equity and inclusion ("DEI") programs in the private sector. Anti-ESG and anti-DEI-related policies, legislation, initiatives, litigation, and scrutiny could result in the Company facing additional compliance obligations, becoming the subject of investigations or enforcement actions, or sustaining reputational harm.

Ability to Sell

Total Risks: 5/30 (17%)Above Sector Average

Competition1 | 3.3%

Competition - Risk 1

The Company faces intense competition.

The Company is engaged in markets that are highly competitive and rapidly evolving, and has experienced, and expects to continue to experience, intense competition from a number of companies. No technology has been exclusively or commercially adopted as the industry standard for many of the products and services offered by the Company. Accordingly, both the nature of the competition and the scope of the business opportunities afforded by the markets in which the Company competes are uncertain. The Company's competitors, including new market entrants, may implement new technologies before the Company does, deliver new products and services earlier, or provide products and services that are disruptive or that are attractively priced or enhanced or better quality compared to those of the Company, making it more difficult for the Company to win or preserve market share. Some of the Company's competitors have greater name recognition, larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, public relations, sales, distribution and other resources than the Company does. In particular, some of the Company's competitors may be able to leverage their relationships with enterprise customers based on other products or incorporate functionality into existing products to gain business in a manner that discourages users from purchasing the Company's solutions, including by selling at zero or negative margins, product bundling or offering closed technology platforms. In the automotive sector, some of the Company's OEM and Tier 1 customers have accelerated internal development of embedded solutions. In addition, competition may intensify as the Company's competitors enter into business combinations or alliances and established companies in other market segments expand to become competitive with the Company's business. The impact of the competition described above could result in fewer customer orders, loss of market share, pressure to reduce prices, commoditization of product and service categories in which the Company participates, reduced revenue and reduced margins. If the Company is unable to compete successfully, there could be a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company must obtain and maintain certain product approvals and certifications from governmental authorities, regulated enterprise customers and third-party standards bodies in order to remain competitive, meet contractual requirements and enable its customers to meet their certification needs. Failure to obtain or maintain such approvals or certifications for the Company's products on a timely basis, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's competitive position, particularly in government markets. In addition, independent industry analysts often issue reports regarding endpoint security solutions and the perception of the Company's solutions in the marketplace, especially as compared to those of the Company's competitors, may be significantly influenced by these reports. If these reports are negative, less frequent or less positive than reports on the Company's competitors' products, the Company's competitive position may be harmed.

Sales & Marketing4 | 13.3%

Sales & Marketing - Risk 1

The Company may not be able to maintain or expand its customer base for its software and services offerings to grow revenue or achieve sustained profitability.

The Company has focused its strategy on software and services to grow revenue and generate sustainable profitability. For the Company to increase its software and services revenues, it must continually grow its customer base by attracting new customers or, in the case of existing customers, deploying software and services across additional users. The Company also needs to sell additional software and services over time to the same customers, or have customers upgrade their level of service. If the Company is unable to promote a compelling value proposition to customers and its efforts to sell or upsell software or services as described above are not successful, its results of operations could be materially impacted. Existing customers that purchase the Company's software and services have no contractual obligation to renew their subscriptions or purchase additional solutions after the initial subscription or contract period. The Company's customers' expansion and renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including the perceived need for such additional software and services, the level of satisfaction with the Company's software and services, features or functionality, the reliability of the Company's software and services, the Company's customer support, customer budgets and other competitive factors, such as pricing and competitors' offerings. Further, the Company's future success depends in part on the growth, if any, in the markets for secure communications software and embedded solutions. If growth trends in the Company's target markets do not continue or are delayed due to security incidents, technological challenges, lack of customer acceptance, weakening economic conditions or other reasons, demand for the Company's products, and those of its competitors, could be negatively affected.

Sales & Marketing - Risk 2

Significant changes in government customer demand or procurement requirements could have an adverse effect on the Company's business and results of operations.

The Company's Secure Communications business depends, to a significant degree, on sales to government organizations. Demand from government organizations is often unpredictable and subject to budgetary uncertainty and to reductions or delays in funding authorizations or procurement processes. Government demand and payment for the Company's products and services may also be impacted by changes in the political and administrative environment, including cost-cutting initiatives and changes in leadership, policies or priorities, and by shifting government attitudes towards the Company and the territories in which it operates. Such changes could cause governments and governmental agencies to delay or refrain from purchasing the Company's solutions or otherwise have an adverse effect on the Company's business and results of operations. Sales to government entities and performance on classified contracts may require the Company to obtain personnel security clearances and facility clearances, and there is no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain or maintain such clearances. In addition, government product requirements are often technically complex and the Company may be required to make costly changes to its products to meet such requirements without any assurance that such changes will generate a sale or improve the efficacy of its products.

Sales & Marketing - Risk 3

The Company's sales cycles can be long and unpredictable and its sales efforts require considerable time and expense.

For many customers, licensing the Company's solutions represents a significant strategic decision and, as a result, sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, particularly during times of rising economic or geopolitical uncertainty. When dealing with automotive, government or large regulated enterprise customers, the Company is subject to risks related to increased customer bargaining power and pricing pressure, extended evaluation periods, regulatory changes, compliance with procurement requirements, complex approval systems, and unanticipated administrative delays. QNX revenue recognition is also subject to delays in the advancement of software-defined vehicle programs and the manufacture of new vehicles by automotive OEMs. The Company's ability to grow software and services revenue is dependent in part on its ability to maintain a qualified direct sales force, which requires significant time and resources, including investment in systems and training. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in implementing its sales and distribution strategy. See also the Risk Factor entitled "The Company's success depends in part on its relationships with resellers and distributors".

Sales & Marketing - Risk 4

The Company's success depends in part on its relationships with resellers and channel partners.

The Company's ability to maintain and expand its market reach depends in part on establishing, developing and maintaining relationships with third party resellers and channel partners, especially in its Secure Communications business. If the Company is not able to effectively identify and establish new relationships with successful resellers and channel partners, or to maintain or enhance existing relationships without giving rise to conflicts between channels, or if the Company's partners do not act in a manner that will promote the success of the Company's products and services, the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Many resellers and channel partners sell products and services of the Company's competitors and may terminate their relationships with the Company with limited or no notice and limited or no penalty. If the Company's competitors offer their products and services to the resellers and channel partners on more favorable contractual or business terms, have more products and services available, or those products and services are, or are perceived to be, in higher demand by end users, or are more lucrative for the resellers and channel partners, there may be continued pressure on the Company to reduce the price of its products and services, or those resellers and channel partners may stop offering the Company's products or de-emphasize the sale of its products and services in favor of the Company's competitors, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Macro & Political

Total Risks: 3/30 (10%)Above Sector Average

Economy & Political Environment1 | 3.3%

Economy & Political Environment - Risk 1

Adverse macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, including trade policies, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Challenging macroeconomic conditions, including as a result of geopolitical events, changes to international trade policies, public health crises, automotive labour disruptions, disruptions in global supply chains, and changes in inflation and interest rates, have negatively impacted and may in the future negatively impact consumer demand for automobiles and secure communications solutions, as well as sales cycles, and in turn have materially affected and may continue to materially affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. Such economic factors and uncertainties are beyond the Company's control and the Company has no comparative advantage in forecasting their effects. Additionally, the imposition of new tariffs, border taxes or other barriers to trade that directly or indirectly impact the Company's automotive or other customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations. For example, since February 2025, the U.S. presidential administration has imposed or threatened to impose new tariffs on imported products from Canada, Mexico, China and other countries, including most notably tariffs on imports of steel, aluminum and automobiles. The administration has also proposed, or is in the process of, increasing current tariffs and imposing additional tariffs on other imported goods. Such U.S. tariffs, and any new or additional retaliatory tariffs that may be taken by Canada or other countries in response, may adversely affect the operations of the Company's customers and, consequently, demand for the Company's solutions. The Company is closely monitoring this evolving situation but there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to mitigate the impacts of any trade measures, which could be material to the Company's business operations or harm the Company's competitive position.

International Operations1 | 3.3%

International Operations - Risk 1

The Company's business is subject to risks inherent in foreign operations, including fluctuations in foreign currencies.

Sales outside of North America account for a significant portion of the Company's revenue. The Company maintains offices in a number of foreign jurisdictions and intends to continue to pursue growth in select international markets. The Company is subject to a number of risks associated with its foreign operations that may increase liability and costs, lengthen sales cycles and require significant management attention. These risks include: - compliance with the laws and regulations of Canada, the United States and other countries that apply to the Company's international operations, including import and export legislation, trade sanctions, lawful access, and privacy, anti-corruption and consumer protection laws;- reliance on third parties to establish and maintain foreign operations;- instability in economic or political conditions;- foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions;- tariffs and other trade barriers;- increased credit risk and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;- potential adverse tax consequences;- uncertainties of laws and enforcement relating to the protection of intellectual property;- litigation in foreign court systems;- cultural and language differences; and - difficulty in managing a geographically dispersed workforce. In addition, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk as a result of transactions in currencies other than its U.S. dollar functional currency. The majority of the Company's revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars; however, some revenue, and a substantial portion of operating costs and capital expenditures are incurred in other currencies, primarily Canadian dollars, euros and British Pounds. For more details, please refer to the discussion of foreign exchange and income taxes in the Company's MD&A for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2025. All of the above factors may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition and there can be no assurance that the policies and procedures implemented by the Company to address or mitigate these risks will be successful, that Company personnel will comply with them, or that the Company will not experience these factors in the future.

Natural and Human Disruptions1 | 3.3%

Natural and Human Disruptions - Risk 1

Environmental events may negatively affect the Company.

The Company has operations in numerous locations around the world that expose the Company to additional diverse environmental risks. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood could have a material adverse impact on the Company's business and operations and could cause the Company to incur costs to repair damages to its facilities,equipment and infrastructure. From time to time, the Company's offices and remote working locations have historically experienced, and are projected to continue to experience, climate-related events including drought, heat waves, ice storms, power shortages, and wildfires and resultant air quality impacts. The increasing frequency and impact of extreme weather events on the infrastructure of the Company and its suppliers, as well as public infrastructure, have the potential to disrupt the business of the Company, its suppliers and its customers. Although the Company maintains incident management and disaster response plans, they may prove to be inadequate in the event of a major disruption caused by a natural disaster or geopolitical incident and the Company may be unable to continue its operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in its development activities, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, and the Company's insurance may not cover such events or may be insufficient to compensate the Company for the potentially significant losses it may incur.

Production

Total Risks: 2/30 (7%)Below Sector Average

Employment / Personnel1 | 3.3%

Employment / Personnel - Risk 1

The Company's success depends on its continuing ability to attract new personnel, retain existing key personnel and manage its staffing effectively.

The Company's success is largely dependent on its continuing ability to identify, attract, develop, motivate and retain skilled employees, including members of its executive team, top research developers and experienced salespeople with specialized knowledge. Competition for such people is intense, continuous, and increasing in the industries in which the Company participates, and the Company has experienced solicitations of its employees by its competitors. Competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, especially in the Waterloo and Ottawa, Ontario areas, where the Company has a substantial presence and need for highly skilled personnel. The Company is also substantially dependent on the continued service of its existing engineering personnel because of the complexity and specialization of its products and services. To attract and retain critical personnel, the Company may experience increased compensation costs that are not offset by increased productivity or higher prices for the Company's products and services. Also, the Company's financial results and share price performance (particularly for senior employees for whom equity-based compensation is a key element of their total compensation), among other factors, may impact the Company's ability to attract new, and retain existing, employees. Any failure by the Company to maintain appropriate staffing, develop effective business continuity and succession programs, mitigate turnover and effectively utilize employees with the right mix of skills and experience across the functions necessary to meet the current and future needs of its business could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Supply Chain1 | 3.3%

Supply Chain - Risk 1

Failure of the Company's suppliers, subcontractors, channel partners and representatives to use acceptable ethical business practices or to comply with applicable laws could negatively impact the Company's business.

The Company expects its suppliers, subcontractors, licensees and other partners to operate in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations regarding working conditions, labour and employment practices, environmental compliance, anti-corruption, and patent and trademark licensing, as detailed in the Company's Supplier Code of Conduct. However, the Company does not directly control their labour and other business practices. If one of the Company's suppliers or subcontractors violates applicable labour, anti-corruption or other laws, or implements labour or other business practices that are regarded as unethical, or if a supplier or subcontractor fails to comply with procedures designed by the Company to adhere to existing or proposed regulations, the delivery of BlackBerry products could be interrupted, orders could be canceled, relationships could be terminated, the Company's reputation could be damaged, and the Company may be subject to liability. Any of these events could have a negative impact on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

See a full breakdown of risk according to category and subcategory. The list starts with the category with the most risk. Click on subcategories to read relevant extracts from the most recent report.

FAQ

What are “Risk Factors”?

Risk factors are any situations or occurrences that could make investing in a company risky.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that publicly traded companies disclose their most significant risk factors. This is so that potential investors can consider any risks before they make an investment.

They also offer companies protection, as a company can use risk factors as liability protection. This could happen if a company underperforms and investors take legal action as a result.

It is worth noting that smaller companies, that is those with a public float of under $75 million on the last business day, do not have to include risk factors in their 10-K and 10-Q forms, although some may choose to do so.

How do companies disclose their risk factors?

Publicly traded companies initially disclose their risk factors to the SEC through their S-1 filings as part of the IPO process.

Additionally, companies must provide a complete list of risk factors in their Annual Reports (Form 10-K) or (Form 20-F) for “foreign private issuers”.

Quarterly Reports also include a section on risk factors (Form 10-Q) where companies are only required to update any changes since the previous report.

According to the SEC, risk factors should be reported concisely, logically and in “plain English” so investors can understand them.

How can I use TipRanks risk factors in my stock research?

Use the Risk Factors tab to get data about the risk factors of any company in which you are considering investing.

You can easily see the most significant risks a company is facing. Additionally, you can find out which risk factors a company has added, removed or adjusted since its previous disclosure. You can also see how a company’s risk factors compare to others in its sector.

Without reading company reports or participating in conference calls, you would most likely not have access to this sort of information, which is usually not included in press releases or other public announcements.

A simplified analysis of risk factors is unique to TipRanks.

What are all the risk factor categories?

TipRanks has identified 6 major categories of risk factors and a number of subcategories for each. You can see how these categories are broken down in the list below.

1. Financial & Corporate

Accounting & Financial Operations - risks related to accounting loss, value of intangible assets, financial statements, value of intangible assets, financial reporting, estimates, guidance, company profitability, dividends, fluctuating results.
Share Price & Shareholder Rights – risks related to things that impact share prices and the rights of shareholders, including analyst ratings, major shareholder activity, trade volatility, liquidity of shares, anti-takeover provisions, international listing, dual listing.
Debt & Financing – risks related to debt, funding, financing and interest rates, financial investments.
Corporate Activity and Growth – risks related to restructuring, M&As, joint ventures, execution of corporate strategy, strategic alliances.

2. Legal & Regulatory

Litigation and Legal Liabilities – risks related to litigation/ lawsuits against the company.
Regulation – risks related to compliance, GDPR, and new legislation.
Environmental / Social – risks related to environmental regulation and to data privacy.
Taxation & Government Incentives – risks related to taxation and changes in government incentives.

3. Production

Costs – risks related to costs of production including commodity prices, future contracts, inventory.
Supply Chain – risks related to the company’s suppliers.
Manufacturing – risks related to the company’s manufacturing process including product quality and product recalls.
Human Capital – risks related to recruitment, training and retention of key employees, employee relationships & unions labor disputes, pension, and post retirement benefits, medical, health and welfare benefits, employee misconduct, employee litigation.

4. Technology & Innovation

Innovation / R&D – risks related to innovation and new product development.
Technology – risks related to the company’s reliance on technology.
Cyber Security – risks related to securing the company’s digital assets and from cyber attacks.
Trade Secrets & Patents – risks related to the company’s ability to protect its intellectual property and to infringement claims against the company as well as piracy and unlicensed copying.

5. Ability to Sell

Demand – risks related to the demand of the company’s goods and services including seasonality, reliance on key customers.
Competition – risks related to the company’s competition including substitutes.
Sales & Marketing – risks related to sales, marketing, and distribution channels, pricing, and market penetration.
Brand & Reputation – risks related to the company’s brand and reputation.

6. Macro & Political

Economy & Political Environment – risks related to changes in economic and political conditions.
Natural and Human Disruptions – risks related to catastrophes, floods, storms, terror, earthquakes, coronavirus pandemic/COVID-19.
International Operations – risks related to the global nature of the company.
Capital Markets – risks related to exchange rates and trade, cryptocurrency.