Quhuo (QH) Risk Factors

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle, formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities through acquisitions of PRC domestic enterprises or assets and controlled by PRC enterprises or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle's securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, pursuant to the M&A Rules and other PRC laws, the CSRC published on its official website relevant guidance regarding its approval of the listing and trading of special purpose vehicles' securities on overseas stock exchanges, including a list of application materials. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles. On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future. As these opinions were recently issued, official guidance to act upon and the interpretation thereof remain unclear at this time. We cannot assure that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all. On December 27, 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the Negative List (2021 Version), which became effective on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Negative List (2021 Version), if a PRC company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the Negative List (2021 Version) seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. The foreign investors of the issuer shall not be involved in the company's operation and management, and their shareholding percentages shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the relevant regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors. As the 2021 Negative List is relatively new, there remain substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation and implementation of these new requirements, and it is unclear as to whether and to what extent listed companies like us will be subject to these new requirements. If we are required to comply with these requirements and fail to do so on a timely basis, if at all, our business operation, financial condition and business prospect may be adversely and materially affected. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023, or, collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (1) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (5) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company's controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer's operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the main parts of the issuer's business activities are conducted in China, or its main place(s) of business are located in China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual material events in China. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures further provides that, initial public offerings or listings in overseas markets by domestic companies, either in direct or indirect form shall be filed with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures within three business days after the relevant application is submitted overseas. The companies that had already been listed on overseas stock exchanges prior to March 31, 2023 or the companies that had obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for its offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 and will complete their overseas offering and listing prior to September 30, 2023 are not required to make immediate filings for its listing, but are required make filings for subsequent offerings in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Companies that had already submitted an application for an initial public offering to overseas supervision administrations but had not yet obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for the offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 may arrange for the filing within a reasonable time period and should complete the filing procedure before such companies' overseas issuance and listing. Companies, like us, that had already been listed overseas as of March 31, 2023 are not required to make immediate filing with the CSRC but are required to file with the CSRC within three business days after the completion of subsequent securities offerings in the same overseas market where its securities were previously offered and listed, or file the required filing materials with the CSRC within three working days after the submission of relevant application for subsequent securities offerings and listings in other overseas markets. In addition, an overseas listed company is required to report to the CSRC within three business days after the occurrence and announcement of any of the following material events: (1) a change of control of the listed company; (2) the investigation, sanction or other measures undertaken by any foreign securities regulatory agencies or authorities in respect of the listed company; (3) a change of listing status or transfer of listing segment; and (4) the voluntary or mandatory delisting of the listed company. If there is any material change of the principal business of the listed company after the overseas offering and listing so that the listed company is no longer required to file with the CSRC, it shall file a specific report and a legal opinion issued by a domestic law firm to the CSRC within three business days after the occurrence thereof. On January 5, 2024, we entered into a purchase agreement with VG Master Fund SPC, or VG, as amended and restated on February 8, 2024, or the Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which VG has committed to purchasing up to US$2,072,070 of the ADSs. The ADSs may be sold by us under the Purchase Agreement to VG at our discretion from time to time over a period, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The purchase price for the ADSs that we may sell to VG under the Purchase Agreement will fluctuate based on the trading price of the ADSs on Nasdaq. In addition, as a fee for VG's commitment to purchasing the ADSs under the Purchase Agreement, we will issue a certain number of ADSs to VG, or the Commitment Shares. The amount of Commitment Shares to be issued to VG shall equal 0.5% of the aggregate maximum amount, as defined in the Purchase Agreement, divided by the closing price of the ADSs on the business day prior to the date of the execution of the Purchase Agreement. On March 21, 2024, we directed VG, by a written notice, or the First Purchase Notice, to purchase US$2,072,070 of ADSs, and we initially offered and sold 2,140,568 ADSs in connection with that offering, which was closed on March 27, 2024. The proceeds we received from VG for the sale of the ADSs pursuant to the First Purchase Notice were US$1,027,472.64, as calculated based on the eighty percent (80%) of the closing price of the ADSs as reported on Nasdaq on March 26, 2024. After the closing of the offer and sales of ADSs with respect to the First Purchase Notice, there remains US$1,044,597.36 of ADSs under the Purchase Agreement, which we may direct VG to purchase. On March 27, 2024, we directed VG, by a written notice, or the Second Purchase Notice, to purchase 2,000,000 ADSs, which was closed on March 29, 2024, and VG has notified us it will immediately resell the ADSs to investors that it has procured. The proceeds we received from VG for the sale of the ADSs pursuant to the Second Purchase Notice were US$950,560, as calculated based on the eighty percent (80%) of the closing price of the ADSs as reported on Nasdaq on March 28, 2024. We are required to submit a filing with the CSRC within three business days after completion of the offering under the Purchase Agreement and may be subject to the filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures for our future follow-on offerings. Under the Guidance Rules and Notice, such filings shall include, without limitation, (1) a filing report and relevant commitments, and (2) legal opinions and undertakings issued by PRC counsel. We have submitted a filing with the CSRC in respect of the offering under the Purchase Agreement in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and the Guidance Rules, but have not completed the filing procedure with the CSRC. There can be no assurance that we can complete the filing procedures, obtain the approvals or authorizations, or complete required procedures or other requirements in a timely manner, or at all. We may also not be able to obtain a waiver of the requisite requirements if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver, and may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from offshore fund-raising activities into the PRC or take other actions that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the Measures for Cybersecurity Review and the annual data security review under the Administrative Measures for Internet Data Security, are required for our offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. For details, see "-Failure to comply with governmental regulations and other legal obligations concerning data protection and cybersecurity may materially and adversely affect our business" in this annual report. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, may subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. See "Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulations-Regulations Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection" in this annual report. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.

Our industry customers typically require their third-party service partners, including us, to adhere to their standard form contracts, and there is little room to negotiate terms and conditions that deviate from such standard form contracts. The standard form contracts from such industry customers typically contain certain restrictive terms for third-party service partners, such as certain non-compete provisions, prohibitions on outsourcing to third-party companies, and prohibitions on acquiring other service providers and their customer relationships without seeking prior written consent from such industry customers. Our industry customers also generally require us to enter into labor relationship with workers on our platform, such as delivery riders, in compliance with applicable PRC laws. We cannot assure you that we will be deemed as having strictly adhered to the restrictive terms in the standard form contracts by such industry customers during the course of business. For example, we, through our various subsidiaries, have established business relationships with a number of industry customers, some of whom may regard themselves as competitors with each other. We have also collaborated with third-party labor service companies to attract and manage workers on our platform, and have not entered into employment contracts with workers as we deem them as independent contractors under our business outsourcing arrangements. We communicated with our major industry customers with respect to their awareness of these facts and obtained affirmation that they had not initiated any legal, arbitral or other proceedings against us for failure to strictly adhere to the above-mentioned restrictive terms as of the date of this annual report. However, if these customers subsequently change their view and lodge claims against us, we cannot assure you that these communications and affirmations will have the force of estoppel or will prompt the court or arbitrator to rule in our favor. We may be held liable for damages and suffer reputational damage if a dispute arises and we fail to contest the allegations successfully. Any disputes between our industry customers and us, regardless of the outcome, may disrupt our existing business relationships or cause them to terminate our business collaboration. We have removed some of these restrictive terms from our renewed contracts with certain industry customers. We intend to continue to re-negotiate the removal of these restrictive terms when renewing our contracts with other industry customers, but we cannot assure you that we will succeed. In addition, our industry customers may amend their standard form contracts to include more stringent terms and conditions. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be considered a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat the affiliated entities as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we direct its activities that most significantly impact its economic performance and are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with it. As a result, we consolidate its results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we are not the owner of the affiliated entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year. Assuming that we are the owner of the affiliated entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and based upon our current and projected income and assets and projections as to the value of our assets, we believe it is reasonable to take the position that we were not classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2023. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we have been or will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets and the characterization of such income or assets as active or passive. The IRS may challenge our determination in this regard. The determination of whether we would be or become a PFIC may also depend, in part, on how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets, including the proceeds from the recent offering. Fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs may cause us to be classified as a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of the ADSs from time to time (which has been and may continue to be volatile). Our market capitalization has fluctuated significantly during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. If our market capitalization does not increase or continues to decline, we could be or become classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or future taxable years. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. If we are a PFIC for any tax year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in "Item 10. Additional Information-E. Taxation-U.S. Federal Income Taxation-General") holds an ADS or an ordinary share, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to the U.S. Holder. See "Item 10. Additional Information-E. Taxation-U.S. Federal Income Taxation-Passive foreign investment company considerations."

The cybersecurity legal regime in China is relatively new and evolving rapidly, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainties. As a result, it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations in certain circumstances. Network operators in China are subject to numerous laws and regulations, and have the obligations to, among others, (1) establish internal security management systems that meet the requirements of the classified protection system for cybersecurity, (2) implement technical measures to monitor and record network operation status and cybersecurity incidents, (3) implement data security measures such as data classification, backups and encryption, and (4) submit for cybersecurity review under certain circumstances. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the PRC, or the SCNPC, issued the Cyber Security Law, which imposes more stringent requirements on operators of "critical information infrastructure," especially in data storage and cross-border data transfer. On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which became effective in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data an information. Furthermore, along with the promulgation of the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in accordance with the Law, overseas-listed China-based companies are experiencing a heightened scrutiny over their compliance with laws and regulations regarding data security, cross-border data flow and management of confidential information from PRC regulatory authorities. On July 30, 2021, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure, or the Regulations, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Regulations supplement and specify the provisions on the security of critical information infrastructure as stated in the Cybersecurity Review Measures. The Regulations provide, among others, that protection department of certain industry or sector shall notify the operator of the critical information infrastructure in time after the identification of certain critical information infrastructure. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation have been issued by any Protection Departments and we have not been informed that we are identified as a critical information infrastructure operator by any governmental authorities. On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC, or the Personal Information Protection Law, which became effective in November 2021. As the first systematic and comprehensive law specifically for the protection of personal information in the PRC, the Personal Information Protection Law provides, among others, that (1) an individual's consent shall be obtained to use personal information, and an individual's separate consent shall be obtained to process sensitive personal information, such as biometric characteristics and individual location tracking, (2) personal information operators using sensitive personal information shall notify individuals of the necessity of such use and impact on the individual's rights, and (3) where personal information operators reject an individual's request to exercise his or her rights, the individual may file a lawsuit with a People's Court. On November 14, 2021, the CAC published a discussion draft of the Administrative Measures for Internet Data Security, or the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, which provides that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (1) merger, reorganization or division of internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (2) listing abroad of data processors processing over one million users' personal information; (3) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; or (4) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. There have been no clarifications from the authorities as of the date of this annual report as to the standards for determining such activities that "affects or may affect national security." The CAC had solicited comments on this draft until December 13, 2021, but there is no timetable as to when it will be enacted. The Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact our capital raising activities. Any failure to obtain such approval or clearance from the regulatory authorities could materially constrain our liquidity and have a material adverse impact on our business operations and financial results, especially if we need additional capital or financing. Considering the substantial uncertainties existing with respect to the enactment timetable, final content, interpretation and implementation of the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security, in particular with respect to the explanation or interpretation for what activities "affects or may affect national security," there remain uncertainties as to whether our data processing activities may be deemed to affect national security, thus subjecting us to a cybersecurity review. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any formal notice from any cybersecurity regulator that we shall be subject to a cybersecurity review. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, and several other administrations jointly published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, effective on February 15, 2022, which provides that certain operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services or network platform operators carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, must apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review, and that online platform operators holding personal information of over one million users that intend to list their securities on a foreign stock exchange must apply for cybersecurity review. We currently do not have over one million users' personal information and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users' personal information in the foreseeable future. However, as advised by our PRC counsel, the exact scope of operators of "critical information infrastructure" under the Measures for Cybersecurity Review and current PRC regulatory regime remains unclear, and is subject to the decisions of the relevant PRC government authorities that have been delegated the authority to identify operators of "critical information infrastructure" in their respective jurisdictions (including regions and industries). PRC government authorities have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, including the identification of operators of "critical information infrastructure" and the interpretation and enforcement of requirements potentially applicable to such operators of "critical information infrastructure." As of the date of this annual report, we have not been identified as an operator of "critical information infrastructure." If we are identified as such in the future, we would be required to fulfill various obligations as required under PRC cybersecurity laws and other applicable laws for such operators of "critical information infrastructure," including, among others, setting up a special security management organization, organizing regular cybersecurity education and training, formulating emergency plans for cyber security incidents and conducting regular emergency drills, and we may need to follow cybersecurity review procedure and apply with Cybersecurity Review Office before making certain purchases of network products and services. During cybersecurity review, we may be required to suspend the provision of any existing or new services to users, and we may experience other disruptions of operations, which could lead to adverse impacts on our business. The cybersecurity review could also lead to negative publicity and a diversion of time and attention of our management and other resources. It could be costly and time-consuming for us to prepare application materials and make the applications. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will obtain the clearance or approval for these applications from the Cybersecurity Review Office and the relevant regulatory authorities in a timely manner, or at all. If we are found to be in violation of cybersecurity requirements in China, the relevant governmental authorities may, at their discretion, conduct investigations, levy fines, or require us to change business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business. Any of these actions may disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data, which took effect on September 1, 2022. On March 22, 2024, the CAC promulgated the Provisions on Facilitating and Regulating Cross-Border Data Flows. These measures aim to regulate cross-border transfers of data, requiring among other things, that data processors that provide data to overseas apply to CAC for security assessments if: (1) data processors provide important data to overseas; (2) critical information infrastructure operators provide personal information to overseas; (3) data processors (other than critical information infrastructure operators) that have cumulatively provided personal information of more than one million people or sensitive personal information of more than 10,000 people to overseas since January 1 of the previous year, provide personal information to overseas; or (4) other scenarios required by the CAC to apply for security assessments occur. In addition, these measures require data processors to carry out self-assessments of risks of providing data to overseas before applying to the CAC for security assessments. On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Archives Rules, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Archives Rules regulate both overseas direct offerings and overseas indirect offerings, providing that, among other things: - in relation to the overseas listing activities of PRC enterprises, the PRC enterprises are required to strictly comply with the relevant requirements on confidentiality and archives management, establish a sound confidentiality and archives system, and take necessary measures to implement their confidentiality and archives management responsibilities;- during the course of an overseas offering and listing, if a PRC enterprise needs to publicly disclose or provide to securities companies or securities service providers and overseas regulators, any materials that contain relevant state secrets, government work secrets or information that has a sensitive impact (i.e. be detrimental to national security or the public interest if divulged), the PRC enterprise should complete the relevant approval/filing and other regulatory procedures; and - working papers produced in the PRC by securities companies and securities service providers, which provide PRC enterprises with securities services during their overseas issuance and listing, should be stored in the PRC, and competent PRC authorities must approve the transmission of all such working papers to recipients outside the PRC. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements and other PRC laws and regulations may result in us being held legally liable by competent authorities. The interpretation and application of these cybersecurity laws, regulations and standards are still uncertain and evolving, especially the Draft Measures for Internet Data Security. We cannot assure you that relevant governmental authorities will not interpret or implement these and other laws or regulations in ways that may negatively affect us.

China's economy has experienced significant growth, which has resulted in and may further lead to inflation and increased labor costs, energy costs, and vehicle purchase, rental and maintenance costs. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for 2021, 2022 and 2023 were increases of 0.9%, 2.0% and 0.2%, respectively. Consequently, the costs incurred by workers when providing services on our platform have increased, which in turn has increased our cost of revenue. Our costs and operating expenses associated with energy consumption or vehicle leasing may also increase, which would materially and adversely affect our profit margin. If inflation in China continue to increase and we are unable to pass on these increased costs and expenses to our industry customers by increasing our service fees, our cost of revenue and operating expenses will continue to grow, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

In accordance with the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Fund and other relevant laws and regulations, China establishes a social insurance system and other employee benefits including basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, housing fund, and a handicapped employment security fund, or collectively the Employee Benefits. An employer is required to pay the Employee Benefits for its employees in accordance with the rates provided under relevant regulations and withhold the Employee Benefits that should be assumed by the employees. The VIE and its subsidiaries have not made sufficient contribution of the Employee Benefits for some employees. We have recorded accruals for the estimated underpayment of Employee Benefits, including late fees and fines, in our financial statements. As advised by our PRC counsel, we may be subject to late fees and fines for our insufficient contributions to the Employee Benefits and non-registration of an account for social insurance or housing fund. As of the date of this annual report, we, including the VIE and its subsidiaries, have not received any notice from the relevant government authorities or any claim or request from these employees in this regard. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant government authorities will not require us to pay the outstanding amount and impose late fees or fines on us, in which case our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

While we have not identified any other platform in China with a similar business model and operational scale comparable to us, we may compete with labor outsourcing companies or service suppliers that are independent from or affiliated with industry customers, as well as online or offline workforce marketplaces in each industry setting we serve. Our addressable market within a single industry is highly fragmented, consisting of a large number of small-scale, single-industry service suppliers with limited operational experience or geographical coverage. Our competitors may operate with business models and cost structures different from ours. They may ultimately prove to be more successful or more adaptable to new regulatory, technological and other developments than we are. Some of our current and potential competitors may be able to devote greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources to facilitating their business growth, and may also have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition and stronger customer loyalty than we do. Mergers or strategic alliances among our current or potential competitors may present additional challenges. Our industry customers are not obligated to use our solutions on an exclusive basis. For example, on-demand delivery platforms may engage multiple service suppliers to fulfill their services to consumers in a single city. As the market competition intensifies, our competitors may offer industry customers lower service fee quotes, which could put us under great financial pressure as we may be required by industry customers to match the lower fee quotes. In response to such competition, we may have to further optimize our solutions or otherwise lower our service fees. If we fail to compete effectively, or if our industry customers become dissatisfied with the service quality of our solutions, they may reduce or even discontinue business collaborations with us and switch to our competitors. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be materially and adversely affected.

A limited number of industry customers have contributed a significant portion of our revenues in the past. We generated approximately 92%, 93% and 90% of our total revenues from three major industry customers in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, including Meituan and Ele.me. Although we continually seek to diversify our customer base, we cannot assure you that the proportion of the revenue contribution from these industry customers to our total revenues will decrease in the near future, as the on-demand delivery market is highly concentrated. Other on-demand consumer service markets that we serve are also relatively concentrated with a limited number of market players. Our dependence on a limited number of major industry customers will expose us to the risks of substantial losses if any of them reduces or even ceases business collaborations with us. Specifically, any one of the following events, among others, may cause material fluctuations or declines in our revenues and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects: - an overall decline in the business of one or more of our major industry customers;- the decision by one or more of our major industry customers to switch to our competitors;- the reduction in the service fees of our solutions agreed by one or more of our major industry customers;- the failure or inability of any of our major industry customers to make timely payment for our services;- non-compliance with law on the part of any major industry customers or breach of contract by any major industry customers vis-à-vis their business partners; or - unlawful, improper or otherwise inappropriate activities by any major industry customers that could harm their business, brand and reputation, or subject them to government investigations. If we fail to maintain relationships with these major customers, and if we are unable to find replacement customers on commercially desirable terms or in a timely manner or at all, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant costs in connection with certain business lines. For example, industry customers in the on-demand delivery market typically divide their intra-city delivery network into a number of delivery areas. To expand the geographical coverage of our on-demand delivery business, we have incurred and may continue to incur costs in a lump sum to acquire the rights to render on-demand delivery services in additional delivery areas. In addition, we have made significant investments to rent from third parties a number of vehicles to commence our ride-hailing solutions. Such acquisitions and the build-up of our fleet in advance of actual reservations of our vehicles by ride-hailing drivers could expose us to significant costs in advance. If market demand for our on-demand delivery and ride-hailing solutions does not increase as quickly as we anticipate or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected as a result of underutilization of capacity and depreciation of these assets.

COVID-19 has had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and global economy since early 2020. Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, the global macroeconomic environment had been facing challenges. The growth of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed down in recent years and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world's leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terrorist threats in the Middle East, Europe and Africa and Russia's recent military interventions in Ukraine. There have also been concerns on the relationship between China and other countries, including surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially lead to foreign investors closing down their businesses or withdrawing their investments in China and, thus, exiting the China market, and other economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The HFCAA was enacted in December 2020 and was subsequently amended in December 2022. The HFCAA states if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for two consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law (last amended in March 2020), no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities in China. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. Therefore, the audit working papers of our financial statements may not be fully inspected by the PCAOB without the approval of the PRC authorities. The ADSs could be delisted and prohibited from being traded over-the-counter under the HFCAA if the PCAOB determines in the future that it is unable to fully inspect or investigate our auditor which has a presence in China. On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to determine, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize the implementation of disclosure and documentation measures, which require us to identify, in our annual report on Form 20-F, (1) the auditors that provided opinions to the financial statements presented in the annual report, (2) the location where the auditors' report was issued, and (3) the PCAOB ID number of the audit firm or branch that performed the audit work. On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of China, and the PCAOB signed the Protocol, which established a specific and accountable framework for the PCAOB to conduct inspections and investigations of PCAOB-governed accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB has the sole discretion in selecting the subject of its inspections and investigations without input from the Chinese authorities, and procedures are in place to allow PCAOB inspectors and investigators to review complete audit working papers of accounting firms located in mainland China and Hong Kong. On October 6, 2022, the SEC conclusively named us as a "Commission-identified issuer" following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2022, and the PCAOB Board vacated its previous determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. For this reason, we were not identified as a "Commission-identified issuer" under the HFCAA after we filed our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. However, it remains unclear whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, which depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor's control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and will continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed. We dismissed Ernst & Young Hua Ming, or EY, and appointed Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, or Marcum Asia, as our independent registered public accounting firm, effective from October 31, 2022. EY, our former auditor, is an independent public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB. EY audited our financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 included elsewhere in this annual report. Our former auditor is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our former auditor, EY, is located in China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB has been historically unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the relevant PRC authorities. Our current auditor, Marcum Asia, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Marcum Asia is headquartered in New York, New York, and, as of the date of this annual report, has not been determined by the PCAOB as being unable to be inspected or investigated completely. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our ability to retain an auditor subject to PCAOB inspection and investigation, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, may depend on the relevant positions of U.S. and Chinese regulators. If, in the future, we have been identified by the SEC for two consecutive years as a "Commission-identified issuer" whose registered public accounting firm is determined by the PCAOB that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by one or more authorities in China, the SEC may prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. In addition, it remains unclear what the SEC's implementation process related to the above rules will entail or what further actions the SEC, the PCAOB or Nasdaq will take to address these issues and what impact those actions will have on companies that have significant operations in China and have securities listed on a U.S. stock exchange (including a national securities exchange or over-the-counter stock market). We cannot assure you whether regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor's audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. If we fail to meet the new listing standards specified in the HFCAA, we could face possible delisting from the Nasdaq Stock Market, cessation of trading in over-the-counter market, deregistration from the SEC and/or other risks, which may materially and adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs or terminate the trading of the ADSs in the United States. Furthermore, the PCAOB's inability to conduct inspections in China in the past prevented it from fully evaluating the audits and quality control procedures of our prior independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and our investors were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors with presence in China in the past made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our prior independent registered public accounting firm's audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that were subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our securities to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

We cannot assure you that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management's time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits. Additionally, the application and interpretation of China's intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunications operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. We primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunications service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China's internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunications service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our platform. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in internet usage. In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunications service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our financial condition may be adversely affected.